Міжнародно-правовий захист культурних цінностей у зв'язку зі збройним конфліктом

Коваль Д. О. Міжнародно-правовий захист культурних цінностей у зв'язку зі збройним конфліктом : автореф. дис. ... канд. юрид. наук : 12.00.11 / Д. О. Коваль; кер. роботи Н. А. Зелінська; Нац. ун.-т "Одеська юридична академія". – Одеса, 2014. – 20 с.Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.01.11- міжнародне право. - Національний університет «Одеська юридична академія», Одеса, 2014. Комплексно досліджено міжнародно-правовий захист культурних цінностей у зв'язку зі збройним конфліктом та простежено розвиток даного інституту міжнародного публічного права. Виявлено публічний інтерес у захисті культурних цінностей, встановлено зв'язок між ним та потенціалом співпраці держав на міжнародно-правовому рівні. Показано теоретичні підходи та виміри культурних цінностей, що розкривають сутність їх міжнародно-правового захисту та формування національної і міжнародної політики захисту: культурний націоналізм та інтернаціоналізм, власнісний та культурний аспекти цінностей. Проаналізовано дефініцію «культурні цінності» у співставленні з близькими термінами. Розглянуто доктрину захисного втручання. Постатейно прокоментовано та піддано конструктивній критиці основні міжнародні договори у сфері захисту культурних цінностей, зокрема Гаазька конвенція 1954 року та два Протоколи до неї. Досліджено індивідуальну кримінальну відповідальність за злочини проти культурних цінностей та реституція (у тому числі компенсаторна реституція).Диссертация на соискание научной степени кандидата юридических наук по специальности 12.01.11 - международное право. - Национальный университет «Одесская юридическая академия», Одесса, 2014. Комплексно исследована международно-правовая защита культурных ценностей в связи с вооруженным конфликтом и развитие этого института международного публичного права. Выявлен публичный интерес в защите культурных ценностей, установлена связь между ним и потенциалом сотрудничества государств на международно-правовом уровне. Показано теоретические подходы и измерения культурных ценностей, раскрывающие сущность их международно-правового режима и формирование национальной и международной политики защиты: культурный национализм и интернационализм, собственнический и культурный аспекты ценностей. Проанализирована дефиниция «культурные ценности» в сопоставлении с близкими понятиями. Рассмотрена доктрина защитного вмешательства. Постатейно прокомментированы основные международные договоры в области защиты культурных ценностей, в частности Гаагская конвенция 1954 года и два Протокола к ней. Исследована индивидуальная уголовная ответственность за деликты против культурных ценностей и вопросы их реституции (в том числе компенсаторная реституция).The thesis for the Candidate of Law Degree by specialty 12.00.01 - International Law. - National University "Odessa Academy of Law". - Odessa, 2014. The author comprehensively analyses the question of international law protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict and evaluates the gradual development of the aforementioned. The reasons for existence of public interest in the protection of cultural property and its role in the potential cooperation of states are considered. The author assesses different theoretical approaches and perceptions, namely cultural nationalism and cultural internationalism, property and the cultural aspects of cultural property that altogether determines the status of cultural property in international law as well as national policy for their protection on the international law level. Protective intervention in relation to the said theoretical approaches and proposes to employ the doctrine of protective intervention in the modem peacekeeping missions and peace enforcement operations (the strategy of protection of cultural property have to be developed before the intervention; the obligation for the protection of cultural property cannot be transferred to the state of intervention - this is similar to the doctrine "responsibility while protecting") are reviewed. The definition of cultural property is compared with similar terms. The author examines the articles of the leading international instruments for die protection of cultural property, among them: The Hague Convention of 1954 and its two Protocols, the 1970 and 1972 UNESCO Conventions, Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 1977, the UNIDROIT Convention of 1995. The said instruments are discussed with regard to the positive and negative examples of fulfillment of their norms. Author evaluates the question of individual criminal responsibility for the acts against cultural property, considers three international crimes that can be qualified as the acts against cultural property: crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide (the latter lacks uniformity of the views of scholars). The thesis examines restitution, including compensatory restitution which is qualified as an adequate measure of the responsibility of states under international law. The underdeveloped procedure of the compensatory restitution is named as the chief reason for criticism of its application

Kinetics of substrate recognition and cleavage by human 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase

Human 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (hOgg1) excises 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) from damaged DNA. We report a pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of hOgg1 mechanism using stopped-flow and enzyme fluorescence monitoring. The kinetic scheme for hOgg1 processing an 8-oxoG:C-containing substrate was found to include at least three fast equilibrium steps followed by two slow, irreversible steps and another equilibrium step. The second irreversible step was rate-limiting overall. By comparing data from Ogg1 intrinsic fluorescence traces and from accumulation of products of different types, the irreversible steps were attributed to two main chemical steps of the Ogg1-catalyzed reaction: cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond of the damaged nucleotide and β-elimination of its 3′-phosphate. The fast equilibrium steps were attributed to enzyme conformational changes during the recognition of 8-oxoG, and the final equilibrium, to binding of the reaction product by the enzyme. hOgg1 interacted with a substrate containing an aldehydic AP site very slowly, but the addition of 8-bromoguanine (8-BrG) greatly accelerated the reaction, which was best described by two initial equilibrium steps followed by one irreversible chemical step and a final product release equilibrium step. The irreversible step may correspond to β-elimination since it is the very step facilitated by 8-BrG

Improved functionalization of oleic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can providemultiple benefits for biomedical applications in aqueous environments such asmagnetic separation or magnetic resonance imaging. To increase the colloidal stability and allow subsequent reactions, the introduction of hydrophilic functional groups onto the particles’ surface is essential. During this process, the original coating is exchanged by preferably covalently bonded ligands such as trialkoxysilanes. The duration of the silane exchange reaction, which commonly takes more than 24 h, is an important drawback for this approach. In this paper, we present a novel method, which introduces ultrasonication as an energy source to dramatically accelerate this process, resulting in high-quality waterdispersible nanoparticles around 10 nmin size. To prove the generic character, different functional groups were introduced on the surface including polyethylene glycol chains, carboxylic acid, amine, and thiol groups. Their colloidal stability in various aqueous buffer solutions as well as human plasma and serum was investigated to allow implementation in biomedical and sensing applications.status: publishe

Measurement of the very rare K+→π+ννˉK^+ \to \pi^+ \nu \bar\nu decay

The decay K+→π+νν¯ , with a very precisely predicted branching ratio of less than 10−10 , is among the best processes to reveal indirect effects of new physics. The NA62 experiment at CERN SPS is designed to study the K+→π+νν¯ decay and to measure its branching ratio using a decay-in-flight technique. NA62 took data in 2016, 2017 and 2018, reaching the sensitivity of the Standard Model for the K+→π+νν¯ decay by the analysis of the 2016 and 2017 data, and providing the most precise measurement of the branching ratio to date by the analysis of the 2018 data. This measurement is also used to set limits on BR(K+→π+X ), where X is a scalar or pseudo-scalar particle. The final result of the BR(K+→π+νν¯ ) measurement and its interpretation in terms of the K+→π+X decay from the analysis of the full 2016-2018 data set is presented, and future plans and prospects are reviewed

Pre-steady-state kinetics shows differences in processing of various DNA lesions by Escherichia coli formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase

Formamidopyrimidine-DNA-glycosylase (Fpg pro tein, MutM) catalyses excision of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) and other oxidatively damaged purines from DNA in a glycosylase/apurinic/apyrimidinic-lyase reaction. We report pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of Fpg action on oligonucleotide duplexes containing 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine, natural abasic site or tetrahydrofuran (an uncleavable abasic site analogue). Monitoring Fpg intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence in stopped-flow experiments reveals multiple conformational transitions in the protein molecule during the catalytic cycle. At least four and five conformational transitions occur in Fpg during the interaction with abasic and 8-oxoG-containing substrates, respectively, within 2 ms to 10 s time range. These transitions reflect the stages of enzyme binding to DNA and lesion recognition with the mutual adjustment of DNA and enzyme structures to achieve catalytically competent conformation. Unlike these well-defined binding steps, catalytic stages are not associated with discernible fluorescence events. Only a single conformational change is detected for the cleavable substrates at times exceeding 10 s. The data obtained provide evidence that several fast sequential conformational changes occur in Fpg after binding to its substrate, converting the protein into a catalytically active conformation