A kárókatona fészekalj és tojásméret vizsgálata a Kis-Balatonon és a Nagyberekben

Study on some breeding parameters of the Great Cormorant ( Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis ) was carried out in 2005 on Kis-Balaton and in 2009 in the Nagyberek Fehérvíz Nature Conservation Area. Mean (±SE) of clutch size was 3.51±0.15 (N=41) on Kis-Balaton and 3.27±0.19 (N=11) on Nagyberek while ranges of clutch size were 1–6 and 3–5, respectively, that didn’t show significant differences (F= 0.38, p= 0.68) com- pared with earlier Hungarian data. Mean of egg sizes (length±SE x width±SE), shape index and egg volume were 62.0±0.2 x 39.1±0.1 mm, 1.59±0.01 and 48.38±0.34 cm 3 on Kis-Balaton (N=137), while their values were respectively 61.6±0.5 x 38.2±0.2 mm, 1.61±0.02 and 45.94±0.69 cm 3 on Nagyberek (N=29). Egg weight was measured only on Kis-Balaton (53.0±0.4 g, N=135). Comparing the results of the two areas, significant differences were found on egg width (t=3.15, p=0.002) and volume (t=3.02, p=0.003), while no statistical dif- ferences were found when comparing the other egg parameters measured

Transcriptional control of transglutaminase 2 expression in mouse apoptotic thymocytes

L

Comparison of supervised learning statistical methods for classifying commercial beers and identifying patterns

In this study, 13 properties (alcohol-, real extract-, flavonoid-, anthocyanin, glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose content, EBC [European Brewery Convention] and L*a*b* color, bitterness) of 21 beers (alcohol-free pale lagers, alcohol-free beer-based mixed drinks, beer-based mixed drinks, international lagers, wheat beers, stouts, fruit beers) were determined. In the first step, multiple factor analysis (MFA) was performed for the whole data and five clusters (target classes) were determined; then, a bootstrapping was applied to establish a balanced data so as every cluster should contain 100 samples and the total sample size is 500. In the second step, 12 supervised learning algorithms (random trees [RND], Quinlan's C4.5 decision tree algorithm [C4.5], Iterative Dichotomiser 3 algorithm [ID3], cost-sensitive decision tree algorithm [CSMC4], cost-sensitive classification tree [CSCRT], k-nearest neighbors algorithm [KNN], radial basis function [RBF], multilayer perceptron neural network [MLP], prototype nearest neighbor [PNN], linear discriminant analysis [LDA], naïve Bayes with continuous variables [NBC], partial least squares discriminant analysis [PLS-DA]) were applied to classify each brand into the target classes. Furthermore, several error rates were calculated: re-substitution error rate (RER), cross-validated error rate (CV), bootsrap error (BOOT), leaveone-out (LOO), and train-test error rate (TRAIN). The MFA could discriminate five groups, which can be characterized by some analytical parameters, and the other multivariate methods performed similarly. The methods can be discriminated best based on the BOOT, CV, and LOO. The best estimation methods are the C4.5, CSMC4, and CSCRT; these performed best along the flavonoid content and EBC color. It identified that the methods most sensitive to the properties are the NBC. The classification ability fluctuated greatly in the case of three properties (glucose, maltose, sucrose). A remarkable fluctuation has been experienced in the case of L*a*b* color parameters, flavonoid content, EBC color, and bitterness by NBC method

Csípőízületi vápadefektus-klasszifikáció megjelenítése 3D nyomtatással készült modellek segítségével

A vápa körül kialakult defektusok osztályozására több besorolási rendszer is létezik melyek közül a Wayne G. Paprosky által kidolgozott periprotetikus medencedefektusokat kategorizáló klasszifikáció 3D nyomtatáson alapuló modellezését és szemléltetését tűztük ki célul. Munkánk eredményeképpen térbeli röntgentechnikával képzett 3D modellek módosításával elkészítettük a vápadefektusokra alkalmazott Paprosky klasszifikáció tagjainak digitális, majd 3D nyomtatással előállított modelljeit, valamint megterveztünk és legyártottunk egy fali tartórendszert is a modellek számára. Modellgyűjteményünk széleskörűen felhasználható, hiszen az orvostanhallgatóknak, rezidenseknek, szakorvosjelölteknek és a betegeknek is segítséget nyújthat a vápadeformitások térbeli szerkezetének, illetve a klasszifikációs besorolási kritériumainak megértésében

Root-Colonizing Endophytic Fungi of the Dominant Grass Stipa krylovii From a Mongolian Steppe Grassland

In several terrestrial ecosystems such as grasslands, plants live together with various root-colonizing dark septate endophytes (DSEs), fungi that are relatively frequent colonizers of healthy belowground tissues of plants in these environments. They are important members of the plant microbiota and may have various effects on plant survival under different stress conditions; however, their general functions in relation to plants and the greater ecosystem remain elusive. Although an increasing number of studies has been published focusing on DSEs in Asian grasslands, our knowledge is limited. Especially in Mongolia, where the steppe region represents a significant area, information is not available on these root colonizers. In this study, we aimed to characterize DSEs of a common dominant gramineous plant species, Stipa krylovii in a semiarid grassland of Mongolia. Root samples were collected in a natural steppe and were processed for isolation of fungal endophytes. For molecular identification of the isolates, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nrDNA was obtained for all the isolates investigated; furthermore, the partial translation elongation factor 1-a (TEF) gene and large subunit (LSU) and small subunit (SSU) of rDNA were also amplified and sequenced in case of representative isolates. In vitro tests were used to examine the rough symbiotic nature of the fungi, and root colonization was visualized. A majority of the 135 isolates examined in detail was found to belong to several orders of Ascomycota (110 isolates) and some to Basidiomycota (25 isolates). A significant number of the isolates represented presumably novel taxa, and dominant similarities of the lineages have been found with relatively frequent and known grass root endophytes of semiarid areas in other geographic regions. These endophytes included Periconia macrospinosa, Microdochium bolley, and Darksidea, the genus of which comprised one fourth of the isolates. We found numerous lineages, which have been detected not only from Asian steppe ecosystems, but also from prairies in North America and sandy grasslands in Europe. Therefore, our results strengthen the hypothesized worldwide presence of a common and dominant core group of a DSE community in arid and semiarid grasslands