Active control of wake/blade-row interaction noise through the use of blade surface actuators

A combined analytical/computational approach for controlling of the noise generated by wake/blade-row interaction through the use of anti-sound actuators on the blade surfaces is described. A representative two-dimensional section of a fan stage, composed of an upstream fan rotor and a downstream fan exit guide vane (FEGV), is examined. An existing model for the wakes generated by the rotor is analyzed to provide realistic magnitudes for the vortical excitations imposed at the inlet to the FEGV. The acoustic response of the FEGV is determined at multiples of the blade passing frequency (BPF) by using the linearized unsteady flow analysis, LINFLO. Acoustic field contours are presented at each multiple of BPF illustrating the generated acoustic response disturbances. Anti-sound is then provided by placing oscillating control surfaces, whose lengths and locations are specified arbitrarily, on the blades. An analysis is then conducted to determine the complex amplitudes required for the control surface motions to best reduce the noise. It is demonstrated that if the number of acoustic response modes to be controlled is equal to the number of available independent control surfaces, complete noise cancellation can be achieved. A weighted least squares minimization procedure for the control equations is given for cases in which the number of acoustic modes exceeds the number of available control surfaces. The effectiveness of the control is measured by the magnitude of a propagating acoustic response vector, which is related to the circumferentially averaged sound pressure level (SPL), and is minimized by a standard least-squares minimization procedure

Development of a linearized unsteady Euler analysis for turbomachinery blade rows

A linearized unsteady aerodynamic analysis for axial-flow turbomachinery blading is described in this report. The linearization is based on the Euler equations of fluid motion and is motivated by the need for an efficient aerodynamic analysis that can be used in predicting the aeroelastic and aeroacoustic responses of blade rows. The field equations and surface conditions required for inviscid, nonlinear and linearized, unsteady aerodynamic analyses of three-dimensional flow through a single, blade row operating within a cylindrical duct, are derived. An existing numerical algorithm for determining time-accurate solutions of the nonlinear unsteady flow problem is described, and a numerical model, based upon this nonlinear flow solver, is formulated for the first-harmonic linear unsteady problem. The linearized aerodynamic and numerical models have been implemented into a first-harmonic unsteady flow code, called LINFLUX. At present this code applies only to two-dimensional flows, but an extension to three-dimensions is planned as future work. The three-dimensional aerodynamic and numerical formulations are described in this report. Numerical results for two-dimensional unsteady cascade flows, excited by prescribed blade motions and prescribed aerodynamic disturbances at inlet and exit, are also provided to illustrate the present capabilities of the LINFLUX analysis

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Analysis of Unsteady Compressible Viscous Layers

ABSTRACT The development of an analysis to predict the unsteady compressible flows in blade boundary layers and wakes is presented. The equations that govern the flows in these regions are transformed using an unsteady turbulent generalization of the LevyLees transformation. The transformed equations are solved using a finite difference technique in which the solution proceeds by marching in time and in the streamwise direction. Both laminar and turbulent flows are studied, the latter using algebraic turbulence and transition models. Laminar solutions for a flat plate are shown to approach classical asymptotic results for both high and low frequency unsteady motions. Turbulent flat-plate results are in qualitative agreement with previous predictions and measurements. Finally, the numerical technique is also applied to the stator and rotor of a low-speed turbine stage to determine unsteady effects on surface heating. The results compare reasonably well with measured heat transfer data and indicate that nonlinear effects have minimal impact on the mean and unsteady components of the flow

Características de la producción de la renina microbiana de Mucor miehei en un proceso de alimentación por lote

The Mucor miehei zygomycete produces an acid protease (EC:3.4.23.10) resembling calf rennet chymosin characteristics. It has been suggested that low glucose concentration levels could be why enzyme synthesis, co-mes to an end even though enzyme production is still great (Escobar and Barnett, 1993, 1995). To overcome this possible limitation, a two stage research process was designed; the relationship between protease production and sugar consumption was studied initially to determine the periods of time when enzyme production is still high and glucose concentration close to zero. The following stage concentrated on developing a glucose fed-batch process during the afore mentioned time periods to observe any increase or decrease in enzyme production. During the batch studies, it was found that maximum enzyme activity (EA) was 165 UC/ml for an average glucose consumption rate of 0.1813 g/1 h. Based on the previous.El moho zigomiceto Mucor miehei produce una proteasa de tipo ácido (EC: 3.4.23.10) semejante a la renina o cuajo de ternero. Se ha encontrado que la síntesis de la enzima está parcialmente asociada al crecimiento, y que altas velocidades de consumo de glucosa dan como resultado una mayor producción de la renina microbiana (Escobar and Barnett, 1993, 1995). Durante el proceso de produc-ción de la proteasa se observó que cuando la velocidad de producción de la misma aún es alta, los niveles de glucosa alcanzan a ser mínimos, niveles que se consideraron como una de las posibles causas de la finalización de la producción de la enzima (Escobar and Barnett, 1993,1995). Frente a esta limitación fisiológica, se planteó un proceso de dos etapas para mejorar la producción de la proteasa y superar el fenómeno mencionado. La primera consistió en estudiar la relación entre la pro-ducción de la renina y el consumo de azúcares (especial-mente la glucosa) en el transcurso de la fermentación, para determinar aquellos momentos en los que la rata de producción de enzima es alta y la concentración de glucosa se encuentra cercana a cero. En la segunda etapa se aplicó un proceso de alimentación por lote de glucosa durante esos momentos, para observar si la producción de la enzi-ma aumentaba. Se obtuvo un valor máximo de actividad enzimática (AE) de 165 unidades coagulantes (UC)/ml para el proceso en cochada y una velocidad de consumo de azúcares prome-dio de 0,1813 g de glucosa/1/h. Con base en los resultados anteriores se determinaron condiciones para el proceso de alimentación por lote de glucosa, tales como veloci-dad, tiempo y concentración. Las condiciones para el pro-ceso de alimentación por lote fueron un flujo de 0,06 ml/ min y una concentración de glucosa de 50 g/1 sin obtener-se aumento considerable en el valor de la AE (95 UC/ml). Se obtuvo una concentración celular promedio de 11 g/1 y un rendimiento del nutriente en masa celular (YX/SA) pro-medio de 0,3 g de células/g de azúcar total. Los resultados sugieren que el M. miehei no produce su proteasa ácida directamente por el consumo de glucosa, sino a través de un(os) paso(s) intermedio(s) que conduce(n) finalmente a la síntesis de la enzima y donde los fenómenos de represión e inducción desempeñan un papel importante

Noisyduck: An open-source python tool for computing eigenmode decompositions of duct flows

Wave propagation in ducts is a rich topic that is important to consider in the design of turbomachinery components for aero-engine applications. In order to describe how the waves propagate inside a duct, an eigenmode decomposition of the equations modeling the fluid problem can be performed. The resulting eigenmodes may be used to construct nonreflecting boundary conditions, to investigate flow physics, or for post-processing numerical simulations to track the evolution of modal content through a computational domain. In the present work, an open-source Python tool, called noisyduck, was developed to compute eigenmode decompositions of the linearized Euler equations that model linear wave propagation in a duct with constant cross-section. The numerical method is verified against analytical solutions and reported results from the literature for uniform axial flow and swirling flow in an annulus. The noisyduck tool is made available as a public resource with the intent of reducing duplicated research efforts, and clarifying equation sets and formulations with respect to the literature in the area of eigenmode decompositions for problems in duct acoustics

Características de la producción de la renina microbiana de Mucor miehei en un proceso de alimentación por lote

El moho zigomiceto Mucor miehei produce una proteasa de tipo ácido (EC: 3.4.23.10) semejante a la renina o cuajo de ternero. Se ha encontrado que la síntesis de la enzima está parcialmente asociada al crecimiento, y que altas velocidades de consumo de glucosa dan como resultado una mayor producción de la renina microbiana (Escobar and Barnett, 1993, 1995). Durante el proceso de produc-ción de la proteasa se observó que cuando la velocidad de producción de la misma aún es alta, los niveles de glucosa alcanzan a ser mínimos, niveles que se consideraron como una de las posibles causas de la finalización de la producción de la enzima (Escobar and Barnett, 1993,1995). Frente a esta limitación fisiológica, se planteó un proceso de dos etapas para mejorar la producción de la proteasa y superar el fenómeno mencionado. La primera consistió en estudiar la relación entre la pro-ducción de la renina y el consumo de azúcares (especial-mente la glucosa) en el transcurso de la fermentación, para determinar aquellos momentos en los que la rata de producción de enzima es alta y la concentración de glucosa se encuentra cercana a cero. En la segunda etapa se aplicó un proceso de alimentación por lote de glucosa durante esos momentos, para observar si la producción de la enzi-ma aumentaba. Se obtuvo un valor máximo de actividad enzimática (AE) de 165 unidades coagulantes (UC)/ml para el proceso en cochada y una velocidad de consumo de azúcares prome-dio de 0,1813 g de glucosa/1/h. Con base en los resultados anteriores se determinaron condiciones para el proceso de alimentación por lote de glucosa, tales como veloci-dad, tiempo y concentración. Las condiciones para el pro-ceso de alimentación por lote fueron un flujo de 0,06 ml/ min y una concentración de glucosa de 50 g/1 sin obtener-se aumento considerable en el valor de la AE (95 UC/ml). Se obtuvo una concentración celular promedio de 11 g/1 y un rendimiento del nutriente en masa celular (YX/SA) pro-medio de 0,3 g de células/g de azúcar total. Los resultados sugieren que el M. miehei no produce su proteasa ácida directamente por el consumo de glucosa, sino a través de un(os) paso(s) intermedio(s) que conduce(n) finalmente a la síntesis de la enzima y donde los fenómenos de represión e inducción desempeñan un papel importante

Mucor miehei's microbial rennin production characteristics in a fed-batch proccess

The Mucor miehei zygomycete produces an acid protease (EC:3.4.23.10) resembling calf rennet chymosin characteristics. It has been suggested that low glucose concentration levels could be why enzyme synthesis, co-mes to an end even though enzyme production is still great (Escobar and Barnett, 1993, 1995). To overcome this possible limitation, a two stage research process was designed; the relationship between protease production and sugar consumption was studied initially to determine the periods of time when enzyme production is still high and glucose concentration close to zero. The following stage concentrated on developing a glucose fed-batch process during the afore mentioned time periods to observe any increase or decrease in enzyme production. During the batch studies, it was found that maximum enzyme activity (EA) was 165 UC/ml for an average glucose consumption rate of 0.1813 g/1 h. Based on the previous.</em