Reproduction du Mugilidae Mugil cephalus Linné, 1758 dans deux complexes lagunaires (lagunes Ébrié et de Grand-Lahou) de la Côte d’Ivoire

La reproduction de Mugil cephalus a été étudiée dans les lagunes Ébrié et de Grand-Lahou de janvier 2006 à décembre 2007. Au total, 2041 individus ont été échantillonnés. Immédiatement, après la capture, les longueurs à la fourche ont été mesurées au millimètre près et les masses totales et éviscérées l’ont été à 0,1g près. Les gonades et le foie ont été prélevés et pesés à 0,001g près. Les périodes de ponte ont été établies en analysant l'évolution temporelle de la fréquence de maturité sexuelle, des variations mensuelles des indices gonadosomatique et hepatosomatique et du facteur de condition. La sex-ratio a été établie en fonction de la taille des individus. Les tailles de première maturité sexuelle ont été estimées au moyen de fonction logistique. Les sex-ratios de 1 : 0,20 (lagune Ébrié) et de 1 : 0,51 (lagune de Grand-Lahou) sont en faveur des mâles. Les mâles atteignent la maturité sexuelle à une taille inférieure aux femelles. La période d’émission des gamètes s'étend d’octobre à janvier et Mugil cephalus ne réalise pas de ponte en lagune. La fécondité absolue varie de 126 681 à 2 844 890 ovocytes.Mots clés : Mugil cephalus, sex-ratio, fécondité, période de ponte

Teneurs de métaux traces dans des sols à maraîchers dans la ville d’Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)

L’objectif principal de cette étude est l’évaluation de l’état de contamination en métaux traces de sols cultivés dans la ville d’Abidjan. Pour ce faire, des sols ont été prélevés dans des fosses pédologiques sur les sites maraîchers de Marcory et Cocody et sur la ferme expérimentale de l’Université d’Abobo-Adjamé. L’analyse des échantillons a révélé que sur les 3 sites, la quasi-totalité des horizons sont sableux, acides, riches en Mn et Fe. Les teneurs en Cd à Marcory et à Cocody, la teneur en Cu à Marcory, les teneurs en Pb à Cocody et sur la parcelle expérimentale, les teneurs en Zn sur les 3 sites, et les teneurs en Ni à Marcory et à Cocody, sont supérieures aux teneurs limites recommandées. L’acidité et la forte macroporosité des sols ont favorisé lamigration verticale des métaux traces.Mots clés: métaux traces, sols à maraîchers, Abidjan, migratio

Coding SNPs analysis highlights genetic relationships and evolution pattern in eggplant complexes

[EN] Brinjal (Solanum melongena), scarlet (S. aethiopicum) and gboma (S. macrocarpon) eggplants are three Old World domesticates. The genomic DNA of a collection of accessions belonging to the three cultivated species, along with a representation of various wild relatives, was characterized for the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using a genotype-by-sequencing approach. A total of 210 million useful reads were produced and were successfully aligned to the reference eggplant genome sequence. Out of the 75,399 polymorphic sites identified among the 76 entries in study, 12,859 were associated with coding sequence. A genetic relationships analysis, supported by the output of the FastSTRUCTURE software, identified four major sub-groups as present in the germplasm panel. The first of these clustered S. aethiopicum with its wild ancestor S. anguivi; the second, S. melongena, its wild progenitor S. insanum, and its relatives S. incanum, S. lichtensteinii and S. linneanum; the third, S. macrocarpon and its wild ancestor S. dasyphyllum; and the fourth, the New World species S. sisymbriifolium, S. torvum and S. elaeagnifolium. By applying a hierarchical FastSTRUCTURE analysis on partitioned data, it was also possible to resolve the ambiguous membership of the accessions of S. campylacanthum, S. violaceum, S. lidii, S. vespertilio and S. tomentsum, as well as to genetically differentiate the three species of New World Origin. A principal coordinates analysis performed both on the entire germplasm panel and also separately on the entries belonging to sub-groups revealed a clear separation among species, although not between each of the domesticates and their respective wild ancestors. There was no clear differentiation between either distinct cultivar groups or different geographical provenance. Adopting various approaches to analyze SNP variation provided support for interpretation of results. The genotyping-by-sequencing approach showed to be highly efficient for both quantifying genetic diversity and establishing genetic relationships among and within cultivated eggplants and their wild relatives. The relevance of these results to the evolution of eggplants, as well as to their genetic improvement, is discussed.This work has been funded in part by European Unions Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No 677379 (G2P-SOL project: Linking genetic resources, genomes and phenotypes of Solanaceous crops) and by Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (grant AGL2015-64755-R from MINECO/FEDER). Funding has also been received from the initiative "Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives", which is supported by the Government of Norway. This last project is managed by the Global Crop Diversity Trust with the Millennium Seed Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and implemented in partnership with national and international gene banks and plant breeding institutes around the world. For further information see the project website:http://www.cwrdiversity.org/. Pietro Gramazio is grateful to Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for a pre-doctoral (Programa FPI de la UPV-Subprograma 1/2013 call) contract. Mariola Plazas is grateful to Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad for a post-doctoral grant within the Santiago Grisolia Programme (FCJI-2015-24835). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Acquadro, A.; Barchi, L.; Gramazio, P.; Portis, E.; Vilanova Navarro, S.; Comino, C.; Plazas Ávila, MDLO.... (2017). Coding SNPs analysis highlights genetic relationships and evolution pattern in eggplant complexes. PLoS ONE. 12(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180774Se018077412

Effects of levamisole hydrochloride on cellular immune response and flock performance of commercial broilers

Levamisole hydrochloride (Lev.HCl) has been acclaimed to boost immune response particularly in immunocompromised state. Its routine use as an immunomodulator in poultry production is yet to be well embraced, thus its effects of on cellular immunity and flock performance of commercial broilers were evaluated. One hundred and fifty Anak broiler chicks were separated into two groups of 75 each. Broilers in group 1 were sensitized with 150µg of Staphylococcus aureus antigen each at 4 and 5 weeks, while those in group 2 were not sensitized. Each group was further divided into subgroups A, B, and C. Levamisole hydrochloride (40 mg/kg) was administered orally to 1A and 2A at 45 and 46 days of age and to 1B and 2B at 47 and 48 days of age, while 1C and 2C were not treated. At 47 days of age, 12 broilers from all subgroups were challenged with 75µg of S. aureus antigen each at the right wattle. Wattle thickness was measured till 72 hours post challenge (pc) and delayed wattle reaction (DWR) was determined. Tissues were harvested at 72 hours pc for histopathology. Morbidity, mortality and live weights at 8 weeks of age were recorded. DWR peaked at 4 hours pc in 1A (2.22 ± 0.21 mm) and 1B (2.96 ± 0.21 mm) and 24 hours pc in 1C (3.39 ± 0.34 mm), the difference being significant (p<0.05). Inflammatory lesions were observed in wattles of sensitized subgroups and were more severe in 1C. Mortality rates were 4.17% and 29.17% in 1A and 1C respectively. Mean live weights in A and B i.e. 1.57± 0.06 kg and 1.56 ± 0.06 kg respectively, were significantly higher (p<0.0) than 1.43 ± 0.08 kg in C. Levamisole enhanced DTH via an early response, improved broiler liveability, and its anti-inflammatory property was confirmed