Non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated from patients with suspected tuberculosis in Abidjan, Ivory Coast

Background: Apart from tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBc) species, there are many other  mycobacterial infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). These are rarely identified in many low resource settings in Africa because of the lack of accurate identification methods. The aim of the study is to identify NTM species involved in respiratory infections in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.Methodology: Isolates routinely identified as NTM by the detection of MPT64 antigen between 2015 and 2018 at the Centre for Diagnosis and Research on AIDS and other Infectious Diseases (CeDReS) of the University Hospital of Treichville, were included in the study. Bacterial strains were sub-cultured on three different Lowenstein-Jensen media in order to determine their cultural characteristics, and molecular identification of the strains was performed first by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay followed by reverse hybridization (GenoType Mycobacterium CM and AS kits, Hain Lifescience, Germany). The Cohen’s kappa statistical coefficientwas used to evaluate the degree of agreement of the phenotypic with the molecular method.Results: Of 62 NTM isolates tested with the molecular method, 54 (87.1%) tested positive and the main species identified were Mycobacterium fortuitum (52%), followed by Mycobacterium abscessus (13%) alone or in combination with other species. Thirty-six (58.1%) of the 62 NTM isolates were identified phenotypically, out of which 31 (86.1%) were correctly identified by molecular method. The comparison of molecular and phenotypic methods revealed a good concordance, allowing the use of cultural patterns as identification tests in resource limited settings. However, MTBc isolates were identified among the NTM isolates, indicating that even if the rapid test for detection of MPT64 antigen is quite accurate, it could lack sensitivity and specificity in some cases.Conclusion: Mycobacterium fortuitum and M. abscessus were identified as the main NTM species circulating in Abidjan but there is need for additional evaluation of MPT64 antigen detection assay for MTBc. Keywords: non-tuberculous mycobacteria, identification, PCR, GenoType CM/AS, culture   French Title: Mycobactéries non tuberculeuses isolées chez des patients suspects de tuberculose à Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire Contexte: Outre la tuberculose causée par les espèces du complexe Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTBc), il existe de nombreuses autres infections mycobactériennes dues à des mycobactéries non tuberculeuses (MNT). Ceux-ci sont rarement identifiés dans de nombreuses régions à ressources limitées, notamment en Afrique en raison du manque de méthodes d'identification précises. Le but de l'étude était d'identifier les espèces de MNT impliquées dans les infections respiratoires à Abidjan, en Côte d'Ivoire.Méthodologie: Des isolats identifiés en routine comme étant des MNT par la détection de l'antigène MPT64 entre  Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in Ivory Coast  2015 et 2018 au Centre de diagnostic et de recherche sur le sida et autres maladies infectieuses (CeDReS) sis au sein du CHU de Treichville, ont été inclus dans l'étude. Les souches bactériennes ont été réisolées sur trois milieux de Lowenstein-Jensen différents afin de déterminer leurs caractéristiques culturales, et l'identification moléculaire des souches a d'abord été réalisée par un test réaction de polymérisation en chaîne (PCR) suivi d'une hybridation inverse (kits GenoType Mycobacterium CM et AS, Hain Lifescience, Allemagne). Le test statistique kappa de Cohen a été utilisé pour évaluer le degré d’accord entre le phénotype et la méthode moléculaire.Résultats: Sur 62 isolats de NTM testés avec la méthode moléculaire, 54 (87,1%) ont été trouvés positifs les principales espèces identifiées étant Mycobacterium fortuitum (52%), suivi de Mycobacterium abscessus (13%) seul ou en association avec d'autres espèces. Trente-six (58,1%) des 62 isolats de MNT ont été identifiés phénotypiquement, parmi lesquels 31 (86,1%) ont été correctement identifiés par la méthode moléculaire. La comparaison des méthodes moléculaires et phénotypiques a révélé une bonne concordance, permettant l'utilisation de caractères culturaux comme tests d'orientation dans des zones à ressources limitées. Cependant, des isolats de MTBc ont été identifiés parmi les isolats de MNT, indiquant que même si le test rapide de détection de l'antigène MPT64 est assez précis, il pourrait manquer de sensibilité et de spécificité dans certains cas. Conclusion: Mycobacterium fortuitum et M. abscessus ont été identifiés comme les principales espèces de MNT circulant à Abidjan mais il est nécessaire de procéder à une évaluation supplémentaire du test de détection de l'antigène MPT64 pour l'identification des MTBc. Mots clés: mycobactéries non tuberculeuses, identification, PCR, GenoType CM/AS, cultur

Embryogenèse somatique chez le cotonnier (Gossypium hirsutum L.) : évolution des composés lipidiques au cours de la callogenèse et de la culture de suspensions cellulaires

L’implication des lipides dans le processus de l’embryogenèse somatique a été étudiée chez deux variétés de cotonnier (Gossypium hirsutum L.) : Coker 312, variété embryogène et ISA 205N, variété non embryogène. Le taux de lipides totaux de la variété ISA 205N est en général plus élevé que celui de la variété Coker 312. Ce taux atteint son optimum à la première subculture des cals et décroît par la suite régulièrement au cours de la culture de cellules. L’analyse qualitative des lipides montre que la composition lipidique des cals est identique chez les deux variétés. Cependant, on observe une accumulation de phospholipides sous forme de phosphocholine triacylglycérol (PTG) dans les suspensions cellulaires embryogènes de la variété Coker 312, contre une accumulation de galactolipides sous forme de digalactosyl diacylglycérol (DGDG) dans les suspensions cellulaires non embryogènes de la variété ISA 205N. Le PTG semble favoriser l’embryogenèse somatique tandis que le DGDG serait une cause de l’inhibition de l’embryogenèse somatique chez le cotonnier.Mots-clés : Gossypium hirsutum L., lipide, cal, suspension cellulaire, embryogenèse somatique

Variations biochimiques et morphologiques au cours de la conservation des vivo plants de trois varietes de bananier plantain [Musa x Paradisiaca, (musaceae)]

Les pousses feuillées de trois variétés (CORNE1, PITA3 et FHIA21) obtenues après multiplication sur souche décortiquée ont été sevrées puis conservées dans des sachets en plastique pendant 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 heures dans un carton fermé. Des modifications morphologiques ont été observées et les dosages biochimiques ont été réalisés avant leur repiquage. Certains paramètres de croissance ont été mesurés après 30 jours. Aucune différence significative n’a été enregistrée au niveau de la masse des pousses feuillées. Les teneurs en composés phénoliques ont varié à 48 et 96 heures pour la variété Corne1. Pour les variétés PITA3 et FHIA21, les valeurs maximales ont été enregistrées respectivement à 24 et 72 heures et, à 0 et 24 heures. Pour tous les cultivars étudiés, les protéines ont été massivement synthétisées au cours des 48 et 96 heures de conservation. La quantité de sucres totaux a diminué. Les plantules conservées durant 0, 24 et 72 heures ont eu le taux de reprise le plus élevé chez PITA3 et FHIA 21. Chez Corne1, un taux de 55 % a été relevé pour les pousses feuillées conservées 24 heures. Cette étude montre que les pousses feuillées peuvent être conservées.Mots clés: plantain, souches décortiquées, composé biochimique, conservationEnglish Title: Biochemical and morphological variations during the conservation of the vivo plants of three varieties of plantainEnglish AbstractThe broken into leaf growths of three varieties (CORNE1, PITA3 and FHIA21) obtained after multiplication on peeled stock were separated then preserved in plastic sachets during 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours in a closed paperboard. Morphological modifications were observed and biochemical proportionings were carried out before their road repair. Certain parameters of growth were measured after 30 days. No significant difference was recorded on the level of the mass of the broken into leaf growths. The contents of phenolic compounds varied to 48 and 96 hours for the Corne1 variety. For the maximum varieties PITA3 and FHIA21, values were recorded respectively to 24 and 72 hours and, to 0 and 24 hours. For all the studied cultivars, the proteins were massively synthesized during 48 and 96 hours of conservation. The quantity of total sugars decreased. The seedlings preserved during 0, 24 and 72 hours had the highest rate of recovery at PITA3 and FHIA 21. At Corne1, a rate of 55 % was raised for the preserved broken into leaf growths 24 hours. This study shows that the broken into leaf growths can be preserved.Keywords: plantain, peeled stocks, biochemical compound, conservatio

Improving youth livelihoods : Ivory Coast

French version available in IDRC Digital LibraryThis policy brief reviews young people’s participation in the Ivory Coast economy. Unemployment rates are higher in urban areas, and youth experience higher unemployment rates than adults, with 9.7 percent of young men and 15 percent of young women unemployed. Only 9 percent of jobs are in the formal private or public sectors in Ivory Coast/Cote d’Ivoire. The issue of underemployment relates to increasingly prevalent forms of informal employment. The youth employment challenge requires specific action from leaders, yet much about young people's employment experiences remains unknown. Statistics on employment are often inconsistent and unavailable.MasterCard Foundatio

Nitrogen and Fiber Digestion in Sheep Fed Fresh-Frozen and Field-Dried High and Low Tannin Sericea Lespedeza

Field-drying reduces extractable condensed tannin (CT) of sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dum-Cours) G. Don], but effects on specific bound and unbound forms of CT and the relationship to protein and fiber digestion in ruminants are unclear. Intake and digestibility of fresh-frozen and field-dried high- and low-tannin sericea were investigated in a feeding trial with sheep (Ovis spp.). Field-drying had no effect on crude protein (CP) and fiber content of sericea, but shifted CT from extractable to bound forms. Digestion coefficients for CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were lower for high-tannin sericea than the low-tannin type. Field-drying had no effect on fiber digestibility but increased CP digestibility and N retention in sheep fed high-tannin forage. Apparent digestion of CT was high for all treatments, but this is likely due to difficulty in analyzing CT in fecal material. Nutritional effects of CT in sericea lespedeza are related to both total CT and proportion of bound and unbound CT in the forage

Retrospective analysis of a cohort of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in Abidjan (2003 to 2017)

Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been successful in improving clinical outcomes for HIV-positive patients, but efforts are needed to improve life expectancy and quality of life. This study aimed to analyze a long-term ART cohort and assess patients' life expectancy. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the infectious and tropical diseases department of the University Teaching Hospital of Treichville from 2003 to 2017. Data analysis was done using VBA access and XLSTAT 2018 excel software. Patients on post-exposure chemoprophylaxis and prevention of mother-to-child transmission were excluded. Results: Out of 19,567 patient records, 49.60% were included, 72.43% were in 1st line, and 50.10% were over 50 years old, mostly female 58.49%, 98.4% HIV1. 74.31% had a CD4/mm3 (Nadir) count <350. The patients were essentially on the 2IN+INN regimen (72.31%), TDF + XTC + EFV (20.57%). The average duration under treatment 6.15 [0-13.67] ±3.94 years, the average duration under a line of treatment 4.33 [0-14.04] ±2.96 years. Life expectancy was 10.37 years. It is higher in patients on 2IN+IPr (12.21 years) versus 10.12 years in patients on 2IN+INN. The comparison of duration on a line according to the CD4 counts and the line of treatment did not show a significant difference p>0.05. Conclusions: The study concluded that ART significantly improved the life expectancy of patients, adherence could be improved to further enhance the benefits of ART. The use of new combinations of ART may reduce events related to non-compliance

Anthelmintic Effects of Sericea Lespedeza Hay Fed to Goats Infected With \u3cem\u3eHaemonchus Contortus\u3c/em\u3e

Infection with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), particularly Haemonchus contortus, is the major hindrance to economic goat production in the southern USA. Grazing forages high in condensed tannins (CT) or adding purified CT to the diet has been shown to reduce numbers of parasite eggs in sheep and goat faeces (Min & Hart, 2003). An alternative to grazing is feeding hay from CT-containing forages to livestock to reduce the effects of GIN (Shaik et al., 2004). The purpose of the current study was to test potential anthelmintic effects of feeding sericea lespedeza [(Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don] hay to goats

In vitro seeds germination and seedling growth of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)

In Côte d’Ivoire, the yield of cashew nuts is low. This situation has led to the use of improved clonal-based material for the expansion or establishment of new plantations. To obtain a mass propagation of such elite materials, application of tissue culture becomes very important. However, it is difficult to obtain viable explants derived from mature plants developing in field because of high concentrations of disinfectants required for surface sterilization. Explants excised from in vitro seedlings are therefore the most suitable for the micropropagation of cashew. The objective of this study was to identify the type of seeds suitable for in vitro germination and plantlets development. Seeds without shell with entire cotyledons (SWSEC), seeds without shells with half cotyledons (SWSHC) and the embryonic axis (EA) were placed on the basal medium of Murashige and Skoog (MS) without any plant growth regulators. The final rate of germination ranged from 75 to 95 %, the time to have 50 % germination and the average germination time were statistically identical with the three types of seeds. Higher plants (7cm) with larger numbers of leaves, which are more vigorous were obtained with SWSHC. This type of seeds is therefore more suitable provide seedling used as explant sources for themicropropagation of the cashew tree.Key words : Anacardium occidentale ; germination ; micropropagatio

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千葉大学教育学部研究紀要. 第一部

12-month mortality and loss-to-program in antiretroviral-treated children: The IeDEA pediatric West African Database to evaluate AIDS (pWADA), 2000-2008

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The IeDEA West Africa Pediatric Working Group (pWADA) was established in January 2007 to study the care and treatment of HIV-infected children in this region. We describe here the characteristics at antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation and study the 12-month mortality and loss-to-program of HIV-infected children followed in ART programs in West Africa.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Standardized data from HIV-infected children followed-up in ART programs were included. Nine clinical centers from six countries contributed to the dataset (Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Mali and Senegal). Inclusion criteria were the followings: age 0-15 years and initiated triple antiretroviral drug regimens. Baseline time was the date of ART initiation. WHO criteria was used to define severe immunosuppression based on CD4 count by age or CD4 percent < 15%. We estimated the 12-month Kaplan-Meier probabilities of mortality and loss-to-program (death or loss to follow-up > 6 months) after ART initiation and factors associated with these two outcomes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Between June 2000 and December 2007, 2170 children were included. Characteristics at ART initiation were the following: median age of 5 years (Interquartile range (IQR: 2-9) and median CD4 percentage of 13% (IQR: 7-19). The most frequent drug regimen consisted of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (62%). During the first 12 months, 169 (7.8%) children died and 461(21.2%) were lost-to-program. Overall, in HIV-infected children on ART, the 12-month probability of death was 8.3% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 7.2-9.6%), and of loss-to-program was 23.1% (95% CI: 21.3-25.0%). Both mortality and loss-to program were associated with advanced clinical stage, CD4 percentage < 15% at ART initiation and year (> 2005) of ART initiation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Innovative and sustainable approaches are needed to better document causes of death and increase retention in HIV pediatric clinics in West Africa.</p