Evaluation of indicators of entrepreneurial potential in 2018

Entrepreneurial potential of the population is largely determined by how adults evaluate their intentions in terms of creating their own business. The purpose of the study was to assess the existing indicators in 2018 that characterize the potential entrepreneurial activity of the population in different countries. The self-assessment of people on such factors as their ability and ability to create their own businesses, entrepreneurial purposes, fear of failure in this activity, as well as the presence of familiar entrepreneurs were considered as the estimated indicators. The study used information from the Global entrepreneurship monitor for 2018 for 48 countries. Three hypotheses were tested using mathematical models representing the density functions of the normal distribution. Five indicators of entrepreneurial potential were used to determine their average values for the countries under consideration. Countries with high and low values of indicators were identified. A comparative analysis of the entrepreneurial potential in Russia and foreign countries is carried out

Influence of melt preparing technology on the structure of cast aluminum-silicon alloy

Influence of melting conditions on the structure of AL30 alloy has been studied. To this end, the temperature dependences of physical properties of liquid alloy has been investigated. In is shown, that the formation of the microhomogeneous and the equilibrium alloy structure during melting process leads to significant decreasing of amounts of eutectic silicon. However, the amounts of primary α-aluminum solid solution and intermetallic compounds with dendritic form are increasing. Such treatment leads to decreasing of size of primary α-aluminum solid solution particles. On the base of experiments the physical model of aluminum-silicon alloy solidification was proposed. © 2019 Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.Authors are grateful for the support of experimental works by Act 211 Government Russian Federation, contract № 02.A03.21.0006

The collection of potato varieties as a reserve of source material for breeding for high yield, earliness, and resistance to diseases and pests

Background. Information is provided about the results obtained by screening the VIR collection of improved potato varieties for main commercial traits: earliness, high yield, high starch content, and resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary), viruses, and pests, such as cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll. (Ro1)), and Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say).Materials and methods. Potato accessions representing domestic and foreign varieties from the VIR collection served as the material for this research. The screening was performed according to the techniques developed at the Potato Genetic Resources Department of VIR.Results and conclusion. Potato varieties with valuable commercial traits were identified as breeding sources promising for earliness: ‘Bashkirskiy’ (k-25338), ‘Charoit’ (k-25221), ‘Colleen’ (k-25224), ‘Lagun’ (k-25294), etc.; for high yield: ‘Ametist’ (k-25336), ‘Banba’ (k-25222), ‘Bastion’ (k-25198), ‘Nur-Alem’ (k-25253), ‘Senim’ (k-25306), etc.; for high starch content: ‘Charaўnik’ (k-25139), ‘Darnitsa’ (k-25179), ‘Lad’ (k-25180), ‘Maksimum’ (k-25136), etc.; for resistance to late blight: local variety (Georgia) (k-25298, k-25326), ‘Sunkar’ (k-25258), ‘Udovitskiy’ (k-25260), ‘Vektor’ (k-25200), ‘Zvezdochka’ (k-25209); for resistance to viruses: ‘Azart’ (k-25196), Gala (k-25270), ‘Nadezhda’ (k-25213), Utro (k-25219), ‘Volat’ (k-25263), etc. Varieties combining resistance to gold potato cyst nematode with other valuable commercial traits were selected. Varieties with relative resistance to Colorado potato beetle were isolated under favorable conditions for the pest’s development. As a result of the research, new source material was identified, with a potential to improve major commercial traits of potato: earliness, high yield, high starch content, resistance to late blight, viruses, and pests (cyst nematode and Colorado beetle)

MARKER-ASSOCIATED SELECTION OF RUSSIAN POTATO VARIETIES WITH USING MARKERS OF RESISTANCE GENES TO THE GOLDEN POTATO CYST NEMATODE (PATHOTYPE RO1)

The results of molecular screening of 103 Russian breeding varieties from the VIR potato collection are presented. These varieties were studied for the presence of diagnostic markers associated with the HI and Grol-4 genes conferring resistance to the golden potato cyst nematode - Globodera rostochiensis (Woll.) Behr. - pathotype Ro1. 25 varieties possessed the diagnostic markers of these genes. Among the nematode-resistant varieties, the frequency of genotypes with the diagnostic fragments of 57R and N195 markers of the Hl locus was 98%, and of marker Gro1-4-1 of the Grol-4 gene - 2%

A comparison of the two approaches of the theory of critical distances based on linear-elastic and elasto-plastic analyses

The problem of determining the strength of engineering structures, considering the effects of the non-local fracture in the area of stress concentrators is a great scientific and industrial interest. This work is aimed on modification of the classical theory of critical distance that is known as a method of failure prediction based on linear-elastic analysis in case of elasto-plastic material behaviour to improve the accuracy of estimation of lifetime of notched components. Accounting plasticity has been implemented with the use of the Simplified Johnson-Cook model. Mechanical tests were carried out using a 300 kN electromechanical testing machine Shimadzu AG-X Plus. The cylindrical un-notched specimens and specimens with stress concentrators of titanium alloy Grade2 were tested under tensile loading with different grippers travel speed, which ensured several orders of strain rate. The results of elasto-plastic analyses of stress distributions near a wide variety of notches are presented. The results showed that the use of the modification of the TCD based on elasto-plastic analysis gives us estimates falling within an error interval of ±5-10%, that more accurate predictions than the linear elastic TCD solution. The use of an improved description of the stress-strain state at the notch tip allows introducing the critical distances as a material parameter

Search for resistance sources to Globodera pallida and potato virus X in the collection of potato varieties using molecular markers

Great damage to potato production is caused by cyst nematodes, which include two species: Globodera pallida (Stone) Behrens, the object of external quarantine, and Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrens, the object of internal quarantine in the Russian Federation. The breeding of varieties resistant to the G. rostochiensis has long been one of the priorities of Russian potato breeding, while a targeted search for sources of resistance to G. pallida in our country until recently was not actually carried out, since this pathogen was not detected in Russia, although it was traced in neighboring countries. The possibilities of selection of G. pallida-resistant genotypes using traditional phytopathological methods are extremely limited, so the information about the presence of markers of resistance genes to this pathogen in the domestic breeding gene pool is of particular importance.Here we present the results of molecular screening of 160 varieties bred in Russia and in adjacent countries from the collection of VIR for the presence of markers of Gpa2 gene, which provides resistance of potato varieties to G. pallida (Pa2/Pa3 pathotypes).It is shown that among 160 varieties of the analyzed subset 19 have a di­agnostic fragment of the allele-specific marker of the Gpa2 gene - Gpa2-2. These 19 varieties isolated in molecular screening simultaneously con­tained allele-specific markers of the Rxl gene controlling resistance to potato virus X (PVX)

Finding RB/Rpi-blb1/Rpi-sto1-like sequences in conventionally bred potato varieties

The main objectives in potato breeding are increasing yield abilities and improving resistance to numerous pathogens and pests. Among them, the late blight caused by the Phytophthora infestans oomycete is one of the most destructive potato diseases both in Russia and worldwide. Wild relatives of cultivated potato are traditionally used in breeding as the source of valuable R genes conferring resistance to pathogens. Of particular interest are Mexican wild species because Mexico is the centre of origin and diversity of P. infestans and at the same time, it is the centre of potato species diversity.  Mexican wild potato species S. bulbocastanum and S. stoloniferum are an important source of the R genes conferring broad-spec trum resistance against various isolates of P. infestans (Rpi-blb1,  Rpi-blb2, Rpi-sto1). Recently these genes have been transferred into cultivated potato gene pool using the cisgene  approach. At the same time there is a high probability of finding geno types with the Rpi-sto1 gene (functional homologues of  Rpi-blb1) among conventionally bred varieties because for about 40 years S. stoloniferum has been used in breeding as a source of the Rysto and Ry-fsto genes of the extreme resistance to the most important viral pathogen PVY. In this study 188 potato varieties bred in Russia and in near-abroad countries were screened for the presence of six gene-specific markers of the RB/Rpi-blb1 =  Rpi-sto1 and Rpi-blb2 genes conferring broad-spectrum resistance against P. infestans, and for the markers linked to the Rysto and Ry-fsto genes conferring extreme resistance to PVY. In addition, a marker for detecting male sterile mitochondrial DNA type gamma derived from S. stoloniferum was used. The genotypes selected through the molecular markers were divided into four groups: (A) 13 PVY resistant varieties carrying diagnostic markers of the Rysto, Ry-fsto genes and having sterile mt-type gamma; (B) four varieties possessing mt-type gamma and not having the markers of the R genes introgressed from S. stoloniferum; (C) eight genotypes carrying five gene-specific markers for the RB/Rpi-blb1/= Rpi-sto1; (D) the rest 166 (86.9 %) varieties not possessing any of the diagnostic markers associated with the S. stoloniferum genetic material. The sequences of the Rpi-sto1- and BLB1 F/R-amplicons were identical in all the genotypes of group ‘C’ and showed respective 99 % and 100 % similarity to the corresponding fragments of the Rpi-sto1 and Rpi-blb1 genes from the GenBank database. Among the genotypes of group ‘C’ various mt-types were detected, and some of them were male fertile

Reduced functionality of soil food webs in burnt boreal forests: a case study in Central Russia

© 2017, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. Abstract: Functionality of soil food webs after forest fires remains generally unexplored. We address this question by studying both burnt and unburnt spruce forests in Central European Russia (Tver Region). In August 2014 we sampled two spatially distant blocks consisting of forest areas burnt in 2010 and the respective unburnt controls. We analyzed biomass and structure of soil food webs as well as carbon mobilization with respect to carbon stocks in the dead wood, litter and soil after burning. The biomass of soil fauna was moderately reduced in the burnt plots. For some groups like testate amoebae and enchytraeids, however, this decrease was highly significant and corresponded with the decreased C-stock in litter. For the other taxa changes in biomass were insignificant. At the same time C-flow through the soil food web after fire was strongly reduced mainly due to the reduction of biomass of active fungi and secondary decomposers. The overall consumption rate of detritus by the soil food web strongly decreased in the burnt forests and was maintained predominantly by the decomposition activity of bacteria instead of fungi. This resulted in the reduction of the total soil food web functionality related with C-mobilization in the forests four years after a fire event. Brief Summary: We compared rates of carbon mobilization by soil food webs in burnt and unburnt boreal forests in Central Russia. Despite of only slight decrease in soil animal biomass, consumption rate of carbon in the soil food webs after fire was considerably lower and mainly associated with soil bacteria instead of fungi

Determination of the Michel Parameters rho, xi, and delta in tau-Lepton Decays with tau --> rho nu Tags

Using the ARGUS detector at the $e^+ e^-$ storage ring DORIS II, we have measured the Michel parameters $\rho$, $\xi$, and $\xi\delta$ for $\tau^{\pm}\to l^{\pm} \nu\bar\nu$ decays in $\tau$-pair events produced at center of mass energies in the region of the $\Upsilon$ resonances. Using $\tau^\mp \to \rho^\mp \nu$ as spin analyzing tags, we find $\rho_{e}=0.68\pm 0.04 \pm 0.08$, $\xi_{e}= 1.12 \pm 0.20 \pm 0.09$, $\xi\delta_{e}= 0.57 \pm 0.14 \pm 0.07$, $\rho_{\mu}= 0.69 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.08$, $\xi_{\mu}= 1.25 \pm 0.27 \pm 0.14$ and $\xi\delta_{\mu}= 0.72 \pm 0.18 \pm 0.10$. In addition, we report the combined ARGUS results on $\rho$, $\xi$, and $\xi\delta$ using this work und previous measurements.Comment: 10 pages, well formatted postscript can be found at http://pktw06.phy.tu-dresden.de/iktp/pub/desy97-194.p