Ecologically acceptable usage of derivatives of essential oil of sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum, as antifeedants against larvae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar

Ethanol solutions of five fractions obtained from essential oil of sweet basil Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) (F1-F5) were tested for their antifeedant properties against 2nd instar gypsy moth larvae, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), in laboratory non-choice and feeding-choice experiments. Prior to bioassays, the chemical composition of each fraction was determined by gas chromatography analyses. Significant larval deterrence from feeding was achieved by application of tested solutions to fresh leaves of the host plant. The most effective were F1 (0.5%), F4 (0.05, 0.1, and 0.5%), and F5 (0.1 and 0.5%), which provided an antifeedant index > 80% after five days. A low rate of larval mortality was observed in no-choice bioassay. In situ screening of chlorophyll fluorescence as an indicator of plant stress level (assessed by the induced fluorometry) confirmed that the tested compounds did not cause alternations in the photosynthetic efficiency of treated leaves

Convoluted CC-cosine functions and semigroups. Relations with ultradistribution and hyperfunction sines

Convoluted $C$-cosine functions and semigroups in a Banach space setting extending the classes of fractionally integrated $C$-cosine functions and semigroups are systematically analyzed. Structural properties of such operator families are obtained. Relations between convoluted $C$-cosine functions and analytic convoluted $C$-semigroups, introduced and investigated in this paper are given through the convoluted version of the abstract Weierstrass formula which is also proved in the paper. Ultradistribution and hyperfunction sines are connected with analytic convoluted semigroups and ultradistribution semigroups. Several examples of operators generating convoluted cosine functions, (analytic) convoluted semigroups as well as hyperfunction and ultradistribution sines illustrate the abstract approach of the authors. As an application, it is proved that the polyharmonic operator $(-\Delta)^{2^{n}},$ $n\in {\mathbb N},$ acting on $L^{2}[0,\pi]$ with appropriate boundary conditions, generates an exponentially bounded $K_{n}$-convoluted cosine function, and consequently, an exponentially bounded analytic $K_{n+1}$-convoluted semigroup of angle $\frac{\pi}{2},$ for suitable exponentially bounded kernels $K_{n}$ and $K_{n+1}.

Activation energies as the validity criterion of a model for complex reactions that can be in oscillatory states

Modeling of any complex reaction system is a difficult task. If the system under examination can be in various oscillatory dynamic states, the apparent activation energies corresponding to different pathways may be of crucial importance for this purpose. In that case the activation energies can be determined by means of the main characteristics of an oscillatory process such as pre-oscillatory period, duration of the oscillatory period, the period from the beginning of the process to the end of the last oscillation, number of oscillations and others. All is illustrated on the Bray-Liebhafsky oscillatory reaction

Analytical time-like geodesics

Time-like orbits in Schwarzschild space-time are presented and classified in a very transparent and straightforward way into four types. The analytical solutions to orbit, time, and proper time equations are given for all orbit types in the form r=r(\lambda), t=t(\chi), and \tau=\tau(\chi), where \lambda\ is the true anomaly and \chi\ is a parameter along the orbit. A very simple relation between \lambda\ and \chi\ is also shown. These solutions are very useful for modeling temporal evolution of transient phenomena near black holes since they are expressed with Jacobi elliptic functions and elliptic integrals, which can be calculated very efficiently and accurately.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures, accepted by General Relativity and Gravitatio

Snabdevenost važnijih tipova zemljišta Srbije osnovnim alkalnim elementima Ca, Mg, K i Na

In this paper results are presented of agrochemical and mineralogical analyses of 14 types of important soils in Serbia (Vojvodina and Central Serbia) and total content and availability of base alkali elements (Ca, Mg Na, K) are determined. Total element content was as follows: Ca 2.22%; K 1.77%; Na 0.85% and Mg 0.61%. Total content of alkali metals in the soils investigated and their variations within and between the soil types, is in very good/close correlation with contents of primary and secondary minerals as well as their rates of weathering. Taking in account the average availabilities the most abundant is calcium with 947 mg/100 g, whilst the averages of the other elements (Mg, K and Na) are quite similar and are about of 40 mg/100 g of soil. The results obtained have shown that the soils investigated are well to moderate provided with K, Ca and Mg and that their deficit could not be expected in plant nutrition, apart for some plants/cultures in the case of magnesium due to occasionally higher Ca/Mg and K/Mg ratios.U ovom radu je ispitivano 100 reprezentativnih uzoraka 14 tipova zemljišta Srbije (Vojvodina, Šumadija i Severno Pomoravlje) u pogledu ukupnog i pristupačnog sadržaja osnovnih alkalnih metala (Ca, Mg, K i Na). Takođe je prikazan i prosečan mineraloški sastav ispitivanih zemljišta. Nađeni su sledeći srednji ukupni sadržaji ispitivanih elemenata: Ca - 2,25%; K - 1,77% Na - 0,85% i Mg - 0,61%. Ukupni sadržaji ispitivanih alkalnih metala u našim zemljištima i njihova vapipanja između i unutar zemljišnih tipova u uskoj su vezi sa zastupljenošću određenih primarnih i sekundarnih minerala i njihovom otpornošću na raspadanje. Prema srednjim vrednostima za pristupačne sadržaje najviše ima kalcijuma (947 mg/100 g), a srednji sadržaji za ostale baze (Mg K i Na) su vrlo slični i kreću ce oko 40 mg/100 g. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da su ispitivana zemljišta dobro i srednje obezbeđena K, Ca i Mg i da se ne mogu očekivati njihovi deficiti za ishranu biljaka, osim za neke kulture u slučaju magnezijuma, zbog ponekad suviše povišenih odnosa Ca/Mg i K/Mg

Generalized plasticity model for nonlinear space frame analysis

Predmet disertacije je efikasna nelinearna analiza okvirnih konstrukcija grednim konačnim elementima sa težištem na modeliranju materijalnih nelinearnosti. Geometrijska nelinearnost se uzima u obzir poznatim metodama. U tezi su analizirana i unapređena dva gredna konačna elementa: fiber element i element koncentrisane plastičnosti i napisan je sopstveni kompjuterski program kojim su elementi implementirani u postojeći open-source program za analizu konstrukcija – FEDEASLab. Tokom rada na tezi, ostvareni su sledeći ciljevi. Izvršena je optimizacija integracije poprečnog preseka čeličnih i armirano-betonskih elemenata u cilju poboljšanja efikasnosti fiber elemenata kako pri cikličnom pseudo-statičkom opterećenju, tako i pri nelinearnoj dinamičkoj analizi pojedinih delova i čitave konstrukcije. Formulisana su praktična pravila i definisane jasne smernice za diskretizaciju poprečnog preseka čeličnog I profila i pravougaonog armiranobetonskog preseka, u zavisnosti od vrste analize koja se sprovodi i željene tačnosti. Razvijen je novi konačni elementa iz grupe elemenata koncentrisane plastičnosti koji prevazilazi ograničenja postojećeg elasto-plastičnog elementa kao što su nemogućnost opisivanja postepene plastifikacije poprečnog preseka i opisivanja ponašanja materijala sa ojačanjem. Pri tome, element je zadržao svoju veliku kompjutersku efikasnost koja je osnovna prednost elemenata koncentrisane plastičnosti. Za određivanje stanja elementa razvijena su dva algoritma prema “general closest point projection” i “convex cutting plane” return mapping algoritmima i analizirana je zavisnost konvergencije od implementiranog algoritma. Mogućnosti novog elementa za modeliranje okvirnih konstrukcija pri delovanju statičkog i dinamičkog opterećenja su potvrđene kroz niz numeričkih primera. Specijalna pažnja je posvećena primeni novog GP elementa za modeliranje CFT stubova spregnutih konstrukcija...The objective of this study is the efficient nonlinear analysis of space frames with beam/column finite elements considering material nonlinearity. Geometric nonlinearity is taken into account using known methods. Two different nonlinear beam/column elements are analyzed and improved: a fiber element and a concentrated plasticity element. Own computer code is written and implemented into the existing matlab toolbox for nonlinear structural analysis – FEDEASLab. During this study, the following objectives are achieved. By the optimization of the number and position of material integration points at monitored steel and reinforced concrete cross-sections, the significant improvement in efficiency of the fiber beam-column element under cyclic static and dynamic loading conditions is gained. The practical rules for an efficient discretization of steel wide-flange sections and rectangular reinforced-concrete sections are defined, depending on the desired level of accuracy and the type of analysis. In addition, the new three-dimensional nonlinear beam-column element is formulated. The element is of concentrated plasticity type and overcomes the common limitations of the existing elasto-plastic elements, such as the inability to describe gradual plastification of a cross-section and the hardening behavior. Also, the element keeps its high computational efficiency which is one benefit of concentrated plasticity elements. Two algorithms for element state determination are developed in accordance with the general closest point and convex cutting plane return mapping algorithms. Their influence on element convergation is studied. The ability of the element to simulate frame behavior is confirmed on a number of numerical examples. The special attention is devoted to model CFT composite column behavior..

The effect of essential oils of anise, fennel and dill and their dominant components on gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar L.)

U radu je ispitivano delovanje alkoholnih rastvora etarskih ulja anisa, mirođije i morača i njihovih dominantnih komponenata trans-anetola i karvona na gusenice gubara (Lymantria dispar L.). Antifidna aktivnost etarskih ulja i njihovih dominantnih komponenata primenjenih u koncentracijama 0.1, 0.5 i 1.0 % ispitivana je u dva odvojena ogleda, ogledu bez izbora i ogledu sa izborom. Ispitivanje je vršeno na gusenicama drugog stupnja, a rezultati ogleda su očitavani nakon 48 časova od početka ogleda. Rezidualna kontaktna i digestivna toksičnost etarskih ulja anisa, mirođije i morača i njihovih dominantnih komponenata primenjenih u koncentracijama 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 i 1.0 %, ispitivana je na gusenicama gubara drugog stupnja. Pored mortaliteta gusenica, praćen je i uticaj navedenih toksičnosti na presvlačenje gusenica iz drugog u treći larveni stupanj. Ogledi u kojima je ispitivan uticaj toksičnosti ispitivanih etarskih ulja i nihovih dominantnih komponenata na mortalitet i zaustavljanje presvlačenja gusenica trajali su 120 časova, a rezultati su očitavani na svaka 24 časa. Delovanje ispitivanih etarskih ulja i njihovih dominantnih komponenata, primenjenih u koncentracijama 0.1, 0.25 i 0.5 %, na indekse rasta i ishrane gusenica gubara četvrtog stupnjsa sagledavano je u ogledima za ispitivanja njihovog uticaja na relativnu brzine rasta gusenica (RGR), relativnu brzinu konzumacije hrane gusenica (RCR), efikasnost asimilacije hrane kod gusenica (AD) i efikasnosti konverzije unete i svarene hrane kod gusenica (ECI i ECD). Rezultati ogleda su očitavani nakon 48 časova od početka ogleda. Za poređenje rezultata je korišćeno biološko sredstvo NeemAzal (standard). Statistička obrada podataka izvršena je uz pomoć softverskog paketa Statistica 7.0. (StatSoft, Inc). Analizom dobijenih rezultata utvrđeno je da dobru antifidnu aktivnost poseduju etarsko ulje anisa i njegova dominantna komponenta trans-anetol primenjeni u koncentraciji 1.0 %. Rezidualna kontaktna toksičnost ispitivanih etarskih ulja i njihovih dominantnih komponata nije konstatovana, a njihov uticaj na zaustavljanje presvlačenja gusenica nije zadovoljavajuć. Visoku digestivnu toksičnost koja dovodi do mortaliteta 100 % gusenica ili 100 % zaustavljanja presvlačenja gusenica, ukoliko nisu sve gusenice uginule, poseduju ispitivana etarska ulja primenjena u koncentraciji 1.0 %, trans-anetol primenjen u koncentracijama 0.5 i 1.0 % i karvon primenjen u koncentracijama 0.25, 0.5 i 1.0 %. Indeksi rasta i ishrane gusenica gubara su primenom ispitivanih etarskih ulja i njihovih dominantnih komponenata značajno sniženi. Primenjena sredstva imaju značajan uticaj na snižavanje relativne brzine rasta gusenica (RGR), relativne brzine konzumacije hrane gusenica (RCR), koeficijent asimilacije hrane kod gusenica (AD) i efikasnosti konverzije unete i svarene hrane u biomasu gusenica (ECI i ECD)...In this work the influence of ethanol solutions of essential oils of anise, fennel and dill and their dominant components trans-anethole and carvone on gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar L.) was tested. Antifeedant activity of essential oils and their dominant components applied in concentrantions 0.1, 0.5 i 1.0 % was tested in two separate tests, no choice and choice feeding ones. The testing was done on the second instar and the results of the experiments were recorded 48 h after the beginning of the experiment. Residual concant and digestive toxicity of essential oils of anise, fennel and dill and their dominant components applied in concentrations 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 i 1.0 % were tested on the second instar gypsy moth larvae. The influence of mentioned toxicity on moulting from the second to the third instar was followed, too. The influence of toxicity of essential oils and their dominant components on mortality and disturbing moulting was evaluated after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h after the beginning of the experiment. The influence of tested essential oils and their dominant components applied in concentrations 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 % on growth and feeding indices of the fourth insters was tested in the asseys about their influence on relative growth rate (RGR), relative consuption rate (RCR), aproximate digestibility (AD) and efficiency of conversation of ingested food (ECI), as well as efficiency of conversation of digested food (ECD). The results were recorded 48 h after the beginning of the experiment. Botanical standard NeemAzal was used for comparing results. Statistical data proccesing was done by softer Statistica 7.0. The analyzying of the results confirmed that essential oil of anise and its dominant component tras-anethole applied in concentration 1.0 % possess good antifeedant activity. Residual contact toksicity of tested essential oils and their dominant components as well as their influence on disturbing moulting was not satisfied. Tested essential oils applied in concentration 1.0 % possess high digestive toxicity which causes 100 % larvae mortality or 100 % inhibits moulting. Tras-anthpole posses the same effect in concentrations 0.5 and 1.0 % as well as carvone in concentrations 25, 0.5 and 1.0 %. Applied compounds have significant influence on relative growth rate (RGR), relative consuption rate (RCR), aproximate digestibility (AD) and efficiency of conversation of ingested food (ECI), as well as efficiency of conversation of digested food (ECD). They are most effective in concentracion 0.5 % and carvone, in average, has significantly bigger influence in comparison with other applied compounds..