396 research outputs found
Mobilizing selection as a factor in macroevolution
International audienc
Nemoral species of Lepidoptera (Insecta) in Siberia: a novel view on their history and the timing of their range disjunctions
Distributions in Siberia of nemorallepidopteran species, trophically or cenotically tied to broad-leaved (nemoral) forests or their phytocenotic derivates, display seven main types of range: Amphipalaearctic; Europe β West-Siberia β Far-East disjunctive; East-Europe β Altai β Far-East disjunctive; Altai β Far-East disjunctive; South-Siberia β Far-East; Transbaikalia β Far-East; Europe- Transuralia. An eastern origin can be traced for most of these species, with the exception of the last-mentioned type. According to palynological data, a continuous belt of broad-leaved forests was re-established during the Quaternary in North Eurasia at least twice: at the beginning of the Late Pleistocene and in the Middle Holocene. During the former the range of oak, as well as the fauna connected with it, was continuous through the Palaearctic. There is no reliable evidence for refuges of nemoral flora and fauna in Siberia during the last glaciation. We assume that the period since the Late Pleistocene (Kazantseva) Optimum (about 100,000-110,000 years) was sufficient for taxonomic divergence to species rank of western and eastern Palaearctic populations of Lepidoptera. During the Holocene climatic optimum the lepidopteran nemoral fauna could expand into a transpalaearctic distribution as a consequence of westward migration of eastern species due to an earlier optimum of broad-leaved forests in the eastern parts of Asia than in West Siberia and Eastern Europe. Disjunctive types of nemoral species range may have resulted from depletion of the forests with broad-leaved trees in Central Siberia during the Sub boreal period of the Holocene. Thus, they should not be dated to the late Pliocene - early Pleistocene, as was done earlier
Content creation training courses using the format electronic journal
Following the multiyear practical experience of using studentsβ personal electronic diaries in the educational process the new technique for creating the content of lectures in the format of interactive electronic journal (the idea of crowdsourcing) has been developed. The collection of studentsβ publications content is performed automatically on the integrating resource (website), primary and final discussions of studentsβ notes are done in the form of virtual dialogue. Taking into account scalability of the system into a variety of courses the technique seems to be promising for developing studentsβ individual educational trajectoryΠ Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Π° (ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π°). ΠΠ° Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ (ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅) ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅. Π‘ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎ
Info-communication environment to support the master's programs of the department
Current situation in education has all formal features of a typical communicative situation of a double bind pattern, which resulted in social consciousness splitting. Having used multiyear practical experience in the operation of studentsβ interactive electronic journals, the author offered constructive solutions to change communication style in order to reduce the negative consequences of the double bind pattern in The Master program Business Informatics. Having used free software, key elements of the communicative style specific for the info-communication environment of the graduate chair have been created. These elements allow to solve the problems of sustainable guarded communications effectively; create original and relevant educational content by the students themselves; provide, mutual learning, joint work with documents and stuffΠ‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° double bind, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ Β«ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ» ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° double bind ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ
Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅
Nonequilibrium - filtration equations
Within the framework of the linear thermodynamics of irreversible processes, a general form is obtained for the equations of isothermal nonequilibrium filtration of an incompressible Liquid through a nondeforming porous matrix. Β© 1981 Plenum Publishing Corporation
Mitochondria from rat uterine smooth muscle possess ATP-sensitive potassium channel
AbstractThe objective of this study was to detect ATP-sensitive K+ uptake in rat uterine smooth muscle mitochondria and to determine possible effects of its activation on mitochondrial physiology. By means of fluorescent technique with usage of K+-sensitive fluorescent probe PBFI (potassium-binding benzofuran isophthalate) we showed that accumulation of K ions in isolated mitochondria from rat myometrium is sensitive to effectors of KATP-channel (ATP-sensitive K+-channel) β ATP, diazoxide, glibenclamide and 5HD (5-hydroxydecanoate). Our data demonstrates that K+ uptake in isolated myometrium mitochondria results in a slight decrease in membrane potential, enhancement of generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and mitochondrial swelling. Particularly, the addition of ATP into incubation medium led to a decrease in mitochondrial swelling and ROS production, and an increase in membrane potential. These effects were eliminated by diazoxide. If blockers of KATP-channel were added along with diazoxide, the effects of diazoxide were removed. So, we postulate the existence of KATP-channels in rat uterus mitochondria and assume that their functioning may regulate physiological conditions of mitochondria, such as matrix volume, ROS generation and polarization of mitochondrial membrane
Π‘ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΒ»
The results of energy companies development in Russia in 2005-2009 are studied using the proposed efficiency model based on DEA analysis theory statements. The model lets estimate the efficiency of usage of own and attracted investment aimed at innovative development of companies. It is proposed to research efficiency of energy companies using the parameter of total investment used for several years for supporting the company activity, development and introduction of innovative technologies. The model was used for comparison of productive efficiency of companies belonging to JSC Gazprom and detection of differences in the usage rate of own and attracted investment resources applied for development and supporting the working state of facilities.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² 2005-2009 Π³Π³. ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ DEA-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π»Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΠ Β«ΠΠ°Π·ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΒ», ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ
Prospects of the use of wild relatives for pea (Pisum sativum L.) breeding
The current global climate change results in shift and shrinkage of ranges of crop cultivation. The potential of crop wild relatives as an important source of genetic diversity for breeding is underestimated. Wild relatives of pea include the species P. fulvum and the subspecies P. sativum subsp. elatius, whereas wild representatives of P. abyssinicum are unknown. Wild peas are characterized by spontaneous dehiscence of podsΒ and ballistic seed spread. The cultivated pea represents just a phyletic lineage within P. sativum. Pea crop wild relatives are promising with respect to: (1) resistance to pests and pathogens; (2) resistance to abiotic stress; (3) nutritional value; (4) agrotechnical advantages, e.g. branching, ability of hibernation etc.; (5) symbiotic nitrogen fixation (almost no data); etc. P. fulvum is resistant to pea weevil, rust, powdery mildew and ascochyta blight. Some P. sativum subsp. elatius are resistant to nematodes, broomrape, powdery mildew, Fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, root rot, ascochyta blight and white wilt. P. sativum subsp. elatius responds to weevil oviposition by neoplastic pustules of the pod wall controlled by the locus Np. Pisum abyssinicum shows resistance to nematodes and bacterial blight. P. fulvum has a high rate of root growth. Some P. sativum subsp. elatius accessions have lowered transpiration rates, and an accession from Italy survives at β20ΠΎΠ‘. Analyses of quantitative trait loci have been carried out for resistance of P. fulvum to pea weevil, powdery mildew and rust and for resistance of P. sativum subsp. elatius to broomrape, bacterial blight and ascochyta blight. Aryamanesh et al. (2012) obtained five introgression lines with pea weevil resistance transferred from P. fulvum to P. sativum. The practical use of wild peas is hampered by insufficient awareness of their diversity and differences from cultivated peas. Studies of useful traits of wild peas and their natural diversity, which is rapidly vanishing, should be intensified
Genetic integrity of four species of Leptidea (Pieridae, Lepidoptera) as sampled in sympatry in West Siberia
In southern West Siberia, as many as four Leptidea Billberg, 1820 species are present sympatrically: L. amurensis (MΓ©nΓ©triΓ©s, 1859), L. morsei (MΓ©nΓ©triΓ©s, 1859), L. sinapis (Linnaeus, 1758) and L. juvernica Williams, 1946. The two latter were recently recognised as nearly sibling species on morphological and molecular characters. Specimens intermediate as to their subtle diagnostic characters occurring in West Siberia and elsewhere were interpreted as resulted from limited introgression. This supposition was tested via populational morphological and molecular analysis of spring brood specimens of all the four species taken from a limited (4.5 Γ 0.2 km) area in the suburbs of Novosibirsk. The samples were analysed with respect to the genitalic morphology, external characters, three nuclear (CAD, H1 gene and ITS2) and one mitochondrial (COI) molecular markers, infection of the intracellular maternally inherited bacterial symbiont Wolbachia Hertig, 1836 and its wsp gene coding for a hypervariable surface protein. Interspecific variation of the nuclear CAD and ITS2 sequences and the mitochondrial COI gene in L. sinapis and L. juvernica turned out concordant. The absence of molecular evidence of introgression suggests genetic integrity of these two species and allows their reliable identification by molecular characters. The genitalic (lengths of the saccus and valva) and external characters (wing pattern) of males overlap in L. sinapis and L. juvernica, as identified by molecular markers and thus are not so helpful in actual species identification. Only the ductus bursae length showed no overlap and can be used for identification of females. The histone H1 gene appeared five times less variable over the four studied species than COI, and found to be identical in species L. sinapis and L. juvernica. Wolbachia infection was found in all studied species. We identified three wsp variants of Wolbachia: 1) wsp-10 allele in L. amurensis, L. sinapis, L. juvernica; 2) a very similar wsp-687 allele in L. sinapis; and 3) wsp-688, highly divergent to the previous ones, in L. morsei
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