The complexity of classification problems for models of arithmetic

We observe that the classification problem for countable models of arithmetic is Borel complete. On the other hand, the classification problems for finitely generated models of arithmetic and for recursively saturated models of arithmetic are Borel; we investigate the precise complexity of each of these. Finally, we show that the classification problem for pairs of recursively saturated models and for automorphisms of a fixed recursively saturated model are Borel complete.Comment: 15 page

How climate change translates into ecological change: Impacts of warming and desalination on prey properties and predator-prey interactions in the Baltic Sea

Aufgrund der globalen Klimaveränderungen werden für das Oberflächenwasser der Ostsee steigende Temperaturen sowie ein sinkender Salzgehalt erwartet. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss solcher Änderungen auf das Wachstum und die Schalenstabilität der Miesmuscheln (Mytilus edulis) untersucht. Eine erhöhte Temperatur führt zu höheren Wachstumsraten, während reduzierte Salinität sinkende Wachstumsraten und verringerte Schalenstabilität zur Folge hat. Dies ist insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Räuber-Beute-Interaktionen der Miesmuscheln von Bedeutung, da die Konsumption vieler Räuber gerade von Größe und Resistenz der Schalen abhängig ist. Aufgrund der zentralen Stellung von M. edulis in der Ostsee werden Verschiebungen in der Abundanz von Miesmuscheln auch für andere Organismen der baltischen Benthos-Gemeinschaften weitreichende Folgen haben

'The real beside the real' - the Laboratory Exhibition and the experimental production of architecture

Peter Smithson argued that Renaissance architects used the ephemeral stage architecture for courtly masques and temporary festivals to exhibit and experiment with the new style; they were testing out the 'Real before the Real'. Architects have ever since, often in collaboration with other producers of the built environment, used the public exhibition of architecture to experiment with new spatial, technological or programmatic propositions. In fact, the architectural exhibition has been, and still is, the locale to test new forms of the production of architecture itself. In that respect, the architectural exhibition can be an experimental praxis and has a transformative and progressive role in the development of architecture. It is a praxis that is situated not only 'before the real' but is in fact concurrent part of the production of architecture. It is the 'Real beside the Real'. The thesis calls this praxis the Laboratory Exhibition.The thesis explores the general preconditions of this Laboratory Exhibition and explores the discrete historical development towards this exhibition type. The emphasis is put here on specific historical forms and locale that were created or appropriated for the experimental production and exhibition of architecture, ranging from very intimate or private spaces, such as the 15th century studiolo, to large -scale spectacles, such as the 19th century world expositions. The thesis argues here that their original intrinsic qualities as places of architectural production and experimentation continue to be of relevance for a contemporary exhibition praxis. This is substantiated through the analysis of five contemporary case studies of Laboratory Exhibitions, ranging from a small-scale, participatory exhibition to a building exhibition operating on a city scale. The thesis thus produces a triangular exploration of the Laboratory Exhibition including theoretical foundation, historical development and contemporary praxis.The original contribution of this thesis is threefold. Firstly, it identifies and defines the key characteristics of an experimental architectural exhibition praxis that the thesis coins the Laboratory Exhibition. Secondly, the thesis argues, in contrast to most architectural histories, that this praxis is of a transhistorical nature and significance which predates the 19th century and Modernism. Finally, the thesis maintains that the Laboratory Exhibition is an indispensable part of the contemporary architectural praxis in which and through which architecture can be progressively transformed. In that respect, the thesis' significance lies in the contribution to a crucial but largely absent discourse on those exhibitions that can inform the development of architecture

Jack Spicer and the Phenomenology of Meaning

Jack Spicer’s poetry is often a mess of obscenity, convoluted references, and opaque language. It resists any attempts to reduce it to a system of proscriptions or abstract ideas. However, it consistently engages the reader on the level of bodily interaction. In the introduction to Admonitions, Spicer describes his poetry as a “frightening hall of mirrors,” and this grotesque exploration of the body demands a sympathetic awareness in the body of the reader. Further, the obscenity scattered throughout his work evokes a response not only through the attractive/repulsive paradox of any obscenity, but also in that it showcases an orality of his words which co-opts the voice of the reader as participant in the violent language. Even when Spicer is at his most obstinate in refusing interpretation, the frustration in approaching his poetry is another way of forcing the reader to become involved with his poetry physically. Each of these methods leads to a poetics that shifts the site of meaning making from the author/poem complex to the reader/poem relationship. It is in the way that the body responds to the writing that the force of the poetry comes through. This device shows similarities to the more explicit poetics of later L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E writers, who, with their postmodern sensibilities, intentionally crafted poems in order to create a more democratic production of meaning: one in which, again, the reader is the agent of meaning production. The connection here leads to a methodology of reading where searching for a locked-away meaning from the poem is set aside, and the reader is free to explore a fruitful, constructive relationship of body with poem

Jack Spicer and the Phenomenology of Meaning

Jack Spicer’s poetry is often a mess of obscenity, convoluted references, and opaque language. It resists any attempts to reduce it to a system of proscriptions or abstract ideas. However, it consistently engages the reader on the level of bodily interaction. In the introduction to Admonitions, Spicer describes his poetry as a “frightening hall of mirrors,” and this grotesque exploration of the body demands a sympathetic awareness in the body of the reader. Further, the obscenity scattered throughout his work evokes a response not only through the attractive/repulsive paradox of any obscenity, but also in that it showcases an orality of his words which co-opts the voice of the reader as participant in the violent language. Even when Spicer is at his most obstinate in refusing interpretation, the frustration in approaching his poetry is another way of forcing the reader to become involved with his poetry physically. Each of these methods leads to a poetics that shifts the site of meaning making from the author/poem complex to the reader/poem relationship. It is in the way that the body responds to the writing that the force of the poetry comes through. This device shows similarities to the more explicit poetics of later L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E writers, who, with their postmodern sensibilities, intentionally crafted poems in order to create a more democratic production of meaning: one in which, again, the reader is the agent of meaning production. The connection here leads to a methodology of reading where searching for a locked-away meaning from the poem is set aside, and the reader is free to explore a fruitful, constructive relationship of body with poem

PARTICIPANT IMPACTS FROM A PARTICIPATORY WATER MODELING WORKSHOP IN THE SONORA RIVER BASIN, MEXICO

Much of the research in the field of participatory modeling (PM) has focused on the developed world. Few cases are focused on developing regions, and even fewer on Latin American developing countries. The work that has been done in Latin America has often involved water management, often specifically involving water users, and has not focused on the decision making stage of the policy cycle. Little work has been done to measure the effect PM may have on the perceptions and beliefs of decision makers. In fact, throughout the field of PM, very few attempts have been made to quantitatively measure changes in participant beliefs and perceptions following participation. Of the very few exceptions, none have attempted to measure the long-term change in perceptions and beliefs. This research fills that gap. As part of a participatory modeling project in Sonora, Mexico, a region with water quantity and quality problems, I measured the change in beliefs among participants about water models: ability to use and understand them, their usefulness, and their accuracy. I also measured changes in beliefs about climate change, and about water quantity problems, specifically the causes, solutions, and impacts. I also assessed participant satisfaction with the process and outputs from the participatory modeling workshops. Participants were from water agencies, academic institutions, NGOs, and independent consulting firms. Results indicated that participant comfort and self-efficacy with water models, their beliefs in the usefulness of water models, and their beliefs about the impact of water quantity problems changed significantly as a result of the workshops. I present my findings and discuss the results

EXTENDING KEVIN LYNCH�S THEORY OF IMAGEABILITY IN THIRD SPACE READING Case study of kampungs, Surabaya- Indonesia

The aim of this article is to extend Kevin Lynch�s theory in the �Image of the City� (1960) by adding �meaning� to the urban spaces observation because Lynch focused on the legibility factor only. The �meaning� observation in this article is through the reading of space as �third space� creation given by Lefebvre, Soja and Bhabha. The understanding of �third space� (include the first-second spaces) gives a deeper understanding of the urban areas especially for urban areas that bear specific social condition of cultural hybridization. The understanding does not only read the physical layer, but also cultural and historical layers. This article is based on a study in kampungs (urban village) in Surabaya, Indonesia, with specific respondents of young adults aged 20-25 years old. This study shows that by adding �meaning� to the urban elements identification of Lynch�s especially in the view of third space reading, the result shows that elements related to the social construction within the place is the most crucial elements rather than elements with strong in legibility

Comparison of features and capabilities of modern Linux file systems ext4, XFS, Btrfs

This article compares three modern Linux file systems: ext4, Btrfs and XFS. Their construction and functional features were discussed. File systems were compared in terms of performance. Additionally modern SSD drives were included in discussion. Ubuntu 15.10 distribution was used to test functionality and performance of these three Linux file systems