Remarkable fly (Diptera) diversity in a patch of Costa Rican cloud forest : Why inventory is a vital science

Study of all flies (Diptera) collected for one year from a four-hectare (150 x 266 meter) patch of cloud forest at 1,600 meters above sea level at Zurqui de Moravia, San Jose Province, Costa Rica (hereafter referred to as Zurqui), revealed an astounding 4,332 species. This amounts to more than half the number of named species of flies for all of Central America. Specimens were collected with two Malaise traps running continuously and with a wide array of supplementary collecting methods for three days of each month. All morphospecies from all 73 families recorded were fully curated by technicians before submission to an international team of 59 taxonomic experts for identification. Overall, a Malaise trap on the forest edge captured 1,988 species or 51% of all collected dipteran taxa (other than of Phoridae, subsampled only from this and one other Malaise trap). A Malaise trap in the forest sampled 906 species. Of other sampling methods, the combination of four other Malaise traps and an intercept trap, aerial/hand collecting, 10 emergence traps, and four CDC light traps added the greatest number of species to our inventory. This complement of sampling methods was an effective combination for retrieving substantial numbers of species of Diptera. Comparison of select sampling methods (considering 3,487 species of non-phorid Diptera) provided further details regarding how many species were sampled by various methods. Comparison of species numbers from each of two permanent Malaise traps from Zurqui with those of single Malaise traps at each of Tapanti and Las Alturas, 40 and 180 km distant from Zurqui respectively, suggested significant species turnover. Comparison of the greater number of species collected in all traps from Zurqui did not markedly change the degree of similarity between the three sites, although the actual number of species shared did increase. Comparisons of the total number of named and unnamed species of Diptera from four hectares at Zurqui is equivalent to 51% of all flies named from Central America, greater than all the named fly fauna of Colombia, equivalent to 14% of named Neotropical species and equal to about 2.7% of all named Diptera worldwide. Clearly the number of species of Diptera in tropical regions has been severely underestimated and the actual number may surpass the number of species of Coleoptera. Various published extrapolations from limited data to estimate total numbers of species of larger taxonomic categories (e.g., Hexapoda, Arthropoda, Eukaryota, etc.) are highly questionable, and certainly will remain uncertain until we have more exhaustive surveys of all and diverse taxa (like Diptera) from multiple tropical sites. Morphological characterization of species in inventories provides identifications placed in the context of taxonomy, phylogeny, form, and ecology. DNA barcoding species is a valuable tool to estimate species numbers but used alone fails to provide a broader context for the species identified.Peer reviewe

Comprehensive inventory of true flies (Diptera) at a tropical site

Peer reviewe

Comprehensive inventory of true flies (Diptera) at a tropical site

Estimations of tropical insect diversity generally suffer from lack of known groups or faunas against which extrapolations can be made, and have seriously underestimated the diversity of some taxa. Here we report the intensive inventory of a four-hectare tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica for one year, which yielded 4332 species of Diptera, providing the first verifiable basis for diversity of a major group of insects at a single site in the tropics. In total 73 families were present, all of which were studied to the species level, providing potentially complete coverage of all families of the order likely to be present at the site. Even so, extrapolations based on our data indicate that with further sampling, the actual total for the site could be closer to 8000 species. Efforts to completely sample a site, although resource-intensive and time-consuming, are needed to better ground estimations of world biodiversity based on limited sampling

Anastrepha nigrifascia Stone 1942

Anastrepha nigrifascia Stone Figs. 9, 47–49, 82–83, 98, 128–129, 155, 176–177, 186, 203–204 Anastrepha nigrifascia Stone 1942a: 91 [description, wing, aculeus tip, host plants, USA: Florida]; Foote 1965: 673 [in catalog]; Wasbauer 1972: 107 [host list]; Weems 1967: 1 [review]; Steyskal 1977: 25 [in key]; Norrbom 1985: 147 [female terminalia, male terminalia, egg, host list]; Norrbom & Kim 1988: 40 [host list]; Norrbom & Foote 1989: 20 [egg]; Foote et al. 1993: 100 [review]; Korytkowski 1997: 66 [in key]; Norrbom et al. 1999a: 81 [in catalog, Bahamas]; Norrbom et al. 1999b: 316 [male terminalia, eversible membrane, classification]; Korytkowski 2004: 62 [in key]; Norrbom 2004 [host database]. Diagnosis. Anastrepha nigrifascia is similar to A. jamaicensis, A. simulans, and A. pseudorobusta in having the C-band and S-band connected, vein M strongly curved apically, the S-band largely orange in cells br and dm-cu, and the aculeus straight and between 1–3 mm long with a nonserrate, awl-shaped tip about as broad in lateral view as in ventral view and between 0.2–0.4 mm long, 2.5–4.5 times as long as wide. It differs from those three species in having large nonmicrotrichose areas on the scutum and the proximal arm of the V-band interrupted or constricted in cell r 4+5. It further differs from A. jamaicensis and A. simulans in having only one distal row of large hooklike denticles on the eversible membrane. It further differs from A. pseudorobusta in having shorter terminalia and a shorter aculeus tip. Description. Mostly yellow to orange, with white to pale yellow markings. Setae dark orange brown to black. Head: Yellow to orange except brown ocellar tubercle. 3–7 (usually 4–5) frontal setae; 2 (rarely 3) orbital setae, posterior seta well developed. Ocellar seta weak, at most 1.5 times as long as ocellar tubercle. Facial carina, in profile, slightly concave to slightly convex (usually straight) dorsally and medially. Antenna extended 0.60–0.80 distance to ventral facial margin. Thorax (Fig. 9): Mostly yellow to orange with following areas white or pale yellow (not always well differentiated in dried specimens): postpronotal lobe; inverted T-shaped medial vitta, posterior part extended laterally to dorsocentral seta; paired sublateral scutal vitta from transverse suture to posterior margin, including intra-alar seta; most or all of scutellum; dorsal margin of anepisternum; dorsal margin of katepisternum; katepimeron; and most of anatergite and katatergite. Posterior margin of scutum with broad dark brown band with more or less straight anterior margin, sometimes extended to but not completely including acrostichal seta, and ending laterally at sublateral white vitta, not extended to intra-alar seta. Scutellum with disc entirely white or yellow, often (especially in Bahamian specimens) with basal third or more of side (at most extending to apical seta) orange to medium brown. Subscutellum and mediotergite entirely orange. Mesonotum 2.87–3.40 mm long. Scutum largely nonmicrotrichose, microtrichia present medially (between acrostichal lines at and anterior to transverse suture, gradually broadening posteriorly to intra-alar seta) and laterally (on and lateral to sublateral vitta); setulae mostly yellow to orange, brownish laterally, or mostly brownish. Katepisternal seta weak, yellow to medium brown, at most 0.40 as large as anepimeral seta. Wing (Figs. 47–49): Length 5.98–7.10 mm, width 2.4–2.9 mm, ratio 2.43–2.96. Apex of vein R 1 at 0.55–0.57 wing length. Cell c 1.22–1.38 times as long as pterostigma; pterostigma 3.14–4.10 times as long as wide. Vein R 2+3 without sharp bends or undulations. Crossvein r-m at 0.64–0.69 distance from bm-cu to dm-cu on vein M. Vein M very strongly curved apically; cell r 4+5 0.83–0.94 times as wide at apex as at level of dm-cu. Cell bcu with distal lobe moderately long, length of bcu 1.50–1.64 times as long as anterior margin. Wing pattern mostly orange and moderate brown. C-band mostly orange; cells bc and c yellowish, cell c posteriorly with elongate subhyaline nonmicrotrichose area, anterodistal corner of cell c and all of pterostigma moderate brown; cells r 1, br, and r 2+3 orange except posterior and distal margins partially narrowly moderate brown. Cband and S-band narrowly connected along vein R 4+5, hyaline area in cell br large, elongate, reaching vein R 4+5, 1.5–3 times as long as distal orange area of cell; cell dm with basal hyaline area moderately large. Basal half of S-band relatively narrow, mostly orange, usually with narrow brown margins in radial cells and distally in cell dm, proximal margin in cell dm orange; mostly moderate brown in cell cu 1; posterior margin with or without small incision in cell cu 1; distal section of band orange with brown margin in cell r 1, occasionally extending into cell r 2+3, entirely brown distally; relatively broad, at apex of vein R 2+3 0.71–0.93 times width of cell r 2+3, distinctly broadening in cell r 2+3, extended to apex of vein M; hyaline area proximal to it ending at vein R 2+3, often narrowed or rarely narrowly divided along vein R 4+5. Hyaline basomarginal spot in cell r 1 triangular, often narrow and/or with blunt apex, usually extended to R 4+5 (occasionally narrowly separated from vein), its apex aligned proximal to crossvein r-m. V-band entirely brown, proximal arm narrowed or more commonly interrupted in middle of cell r 4+5, at least distal arm narrowly connected to S-band in cell r 2+3; proximal arm moderately broad anteriorly, gradually slightly broadening posteriorly, without or with short basal extension along wing margin, at level of vein M 1.0–1.5 times as wide as distal arm and 0.9–1.3 times as wide as hyaline area proximal to it in cells r 4+5 and dm; distal arm moderately broad, often narrowed anteriorly. Abdomen: Mostly orange, without brown markings. Male terminalia (Figs. 203–204): Lateral surstylus short, extended beyond prensisetae by ca. 0.5 times length of prensiseta; in lateral view with apex blunt or with posterodistal margin concave; in posterior view lateral and medial margins convex, apex blunt. Proctiger with ventral and lateral sclerotized areas connected but lateral areas separate dorsally. Phallus 2.65–2.99 mm long, 0.84–0.92 times as long as mesonotum; glans 0.37–0.41 mm long. Female terminalia: Oviscape (Fig. 9) 1.91–2.23 mm long, 0.61–0.69 times as long as mesonotum; entirely orange; spiracle at basal 0.40–0.48. Eversible membrane (Figs. 82–83, 98) with 6–9 moderately long hooklike dorsobasal scales in 1 irregular row distal to similar number of small, stout scales. Aculeus (Figs. 128–129) straight in lateral view, 1.50–1.74 mm long; in ventral view base 0.21–0.29 mm wide; shaft 0.065 –0.075 mm wide at midlength; tip (Figs. 155, 176–177, 186) 0.22–0.26 mm long, 0.070 –0.075 mm wide, 3.29–3.71 times as long as wide, 0.07–0.08 mm wide in lateral view, 1.0–1.14 times ventral width, in ventral view parallelsided or very slightly expanded subbasally, then gradually tapered to relatively blunt apex, nonserrate. Spermathecae spherical. Egg (1 dissected from abdomen of female USA: Key Largo, USNMENT00216379): Very slender, 2.23 mm long, 0.13 mm wide at broadest point, slightly curved, subcylindrical, posterior end only slightly tapered. Anterior end with elongate lobe distal to micropyle 0.45 times as long as main part of egg. Distribution. Anastrepha nigrifascia is known from the extreme southeastern USA (Florida Keys) and the Bahamas. Biology. Stone (1942a) reported two species of Manilkara (Sapotaceae) as host plants of A. nigrifascia: M. jaimiqui (C. Wright) Dubard ssp. emarginata (L.) Cronquist [as Mimusops emarginata], and M. zapota (L.) P. Royen [as Achras zapota]. Only the former species is native to the known range of A. nigrifascia. The record from mango, Mangifera indica L., by Wasbauer (1972), based only on larvae and citing an unpublished list of R. H. Foote, is doubtful. Type Data. Holotype female (USNM, USNMENT000104284), USA: Florida: Big Pine Key, fruit fly trap, 21 May 1935, G. B. Merrill, SPB Fla 55661 [examined]. Other specimens examined. BAHAMAS: Grand Bahama Island, Freeport, McPhail trap, 8 May 1990, H. Knowles, 1♂ (USNM USNMENT00216342); Freeport, E end, Parker Groves, McPhail trap in guava tree, 9 Jun 1986, 1♂ 1♀ (USNM USNMENT00216343, USNMENT00216378); Hawksbill, McPhail trap in Annona, 11 Jun 1986, 1♂ (USNM USNMENT00216341); Holmes Rock, McPhail trap in Manilkara zapota, Jun 1986, 4♂ 4♀ (USNM USNMENT00216335-40, USNMENT00216352, USNMENT00216355). UNITED STATES: Florida: Big Pine Key, fruit fly trap, 17 May 1935, G. B. Merrill, 9♂ 5♀ paratypes (USNM); same, 21 May 1935, 5♂ 5♀ paratypes (USNM); same, 14 May 1935, 3♂ 5♀ paratypes (USNM); same, 24–28 May 1935, J. F. Cooper, 1♂ 1♀ paratypes (USNM); same, 28 May 1935, J. F. Cooper, 11♂ 12♀ paratypes (USNM); same, in McPhail trap, 19 Apr 1935, J. C. Bell, 1♂ (FSCA); same, 3 May 1935, G. D. Barcus, 1♀ (FSCA); same, 10 May 1935, 5♀ (FSCA); same, 21 May 1935, 11♂ 6♀ (FSCA); same, 25 May 1935, Barcus & Cruz, 1♂ (FSCA); Boca Chica Key, 11 May 1935, J. C. Bell, 1♂ (FSCA); same, fruit fly trap, 15 May 1935, G. B. Merrill, 1♀ paratype (USNM); Cudjoe Key, fruit fly trap, 20 May 1935, G. B. Merrill, 3♂ 3♀ paratypes (USNM); same, in McPhail trap, 9 May 1935, J. C. Bell, 1♀ (FSCA); same, 16 May 1935, 6♂ 1♀ (FSCA); same, 20 May 1935, 5♂ 4♀ (FSCA); Key Largo, in McPhail trap, 1 Jul 1935, A. S. Mason, 1♀ (FSCA); same, 13 Jul 1936, Stirling & Barcus, 1♀ (FSCA); same, 16 Dec 1936, G. D. Barcus, 1♂ (FSCA); Key West, trap in guava tree, 26 Jan 1934, Sealy & Bragassa, 1♀ paratype (USNM); same, in McPhail trap, 19 Jan 1934, J. H. Sealey, 1♀ (FSCA); same, 3 May 1935, 1♀ (FSCA); same, 29 Jun 1935, J. Menendez, 1♀ (FSCA); Lower Matecumbe Key, in McPhail trap, 24 May 1935, A. S. Mason, 1♂ (FSCA); No Name Key, at Achras zapota, 26 Jan 1936, J. F. Cooper, 1♀ (FSCA); same, 7 Feb 1936, J. F. Cooper, 1♂ (FSCA); No Name Key, in McPhail trap, 22 Apr 1935, J. H. Sealey, 1♂ (FSCA); same, 20 May 1935, G. D. Barcus, 2♂ 2♀ (FSCA); same, 13 May 1935, Barcus & Cruz, 1♂ 1♀ (FSCA); same, 14 May 1935, 1♂ (FSCA); same, 16 May 1935, 2♂ (FSCA); same, 26 May 1935, 1♂ 1♀ (FSCA); same, 17 Aug 1935, Barcus & Moore, 1♀ (FSCA); No Name Key, emerged 2 Jun 1935 reared ex Mimusops emarginata, J. F. Cooper, 7♂ paratypes (USNM); same, emerged 3 Jun 1935, 14♂ 9♀ paratypes (USNM); Stock Island, in McPhail trap, 18 May 1935, J. H. Sealey, 1♂ (FSCA); same, 21 May 1935, 1♂ (FSCA); same, 6 May 1935, A. Bragassa & R. K. Johnson, 1♂ 1♀ (FSCA); same, 3 Aug 1936, Herring & Hume, 1♀ (FSCA); Stock Island, at Mimusops emarginata, 6 May 1935, R. K. Johnson, 2♂ (FSCA); same, 15 May 1935, Hart & Cooper, 1♂ 1♀ (FSCA); Sugarloaf Key, in McPhail trap, 16 May 1935, J. C. Bell, 1♂ (FSCA); same, 20 May 1935, 1♂ (FSCA); Sugarloaf Key, fruit fly trap, 15 May 1935, G. B. Merrill, 1♂ paratype (USNM); Torch Key, in McPhail trap, 21 May 1936, J. C. Bell, 1♀ (FSCA).Published as part of Norrbom, Allen L. & Korytkowski, Cheslavo A., 2009, A revision of the Anastrepha robusta species group (Diptera: Tephritidae) 2182, pp. 1-91 in Zootaxa 2182 (1) on pages 39-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2182.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/531654

Anastrepha amazonensis Norrbom & Korytkowski 2009, new species

Anastrepha amazonensis, new species Figs. 19, 63, 108, 144 Anastrepha amazonensis Norrbom & Korytkowski in Korytkowski 2004: 58 [nomen nudum; in key]. Diagnosis. Anastrepha amazonensis differs from most species of Anastrepha in having an extension from the basal part of the S-band to the posterior wing margin in the middle of cell cu 1 that is not connected to the posterior end of the proximal arm of the V-band. It differs from the other species having that wing character in lacking hyaline areas in cells br and dm proximal to crossvein r-m. It differs from the other species except A. rafaeli in having the basomarginal hyaline area in cell r 1 aligned slightly distal to crossvein r-m. Description. Mostly yellow to orange, with white to pale yellow markings. Setae dark red brown. Head: Yellow to orange except brown ocellar tubercle and U-shaped mark on posterior half of orbital plate and vertex, touching eye, connected only to posterior side of mark on ocellar tubercle. 3 frontal setae; 2 orbital setae, posterior seta well developed. Ocellar seta weak, 1.2 times as long as ocellar tubercle. Facial carina, in profile, straight dorsally and medially. Antenna extended 0.85 distance to ventral facial margin. Thorax: Mostly yellow to orange with following areas white or pale yellow (color pattern not well differentiated in holotype): postpronotal lobe; possibly an inverted T-shaped medial scutal vitta; paired sublateral scutal vitta from transverse suture to posterior margin, including intra-alar seta; entire scutellum; dorsal margin of anepisternum; katepimeron; and most of anatergite and katatergite. Posterior margin of scutum with broad brown band, broadest medially, including acrostichal seta and extended almost to dorsocentral seta, laterally with short anterior extension along sublateral white vitta. Subscutellum and mediotergite entirely orange. Mesonotum 2.70 mm long. Scutum entirely microtrichose; setulae mostly yellow to orange, brownish laterally. Katepisternal seta well developed, nearly as dark as and 0.67 times as large as anepimeral seta. Wing (Fig. 19): Length 6.5 mm, width 2.7 mm, ratio 2.41. Apex of vein R 1 at 0.55 wing length. Cell c 1.19 times as long as pterostigma; pterostigma 3.15 times as long as wide. Vein R 2+3 without sharp bends or undulations. Crossvein r-m at 0.65 distance from bm-cu to dm-cu on vein M. Vein M only slightly curved apically; cell r 4+5 1.33 times as wide at apex as at level of dm-cu. Cell bcu with distal lobe moderately long, length of bcu 1.63 times as long as anterior margin. Wing pattern mostly dark brown. C-band with cell bc yellowish to subhyaline; cell c narrowly yellowish basally and narrowly brown distally and on distal half of anterior margin, posteriorly with elongate medial subhyaline area, not extended into pterostigma or cell r 1; remainder of C-band dark brown. Cell c posteromedial nonmicrotrichose area small, less than half width of cell. C-band and S-band broadly connected along vein R 4+5 and basally, cell br and base of cell dm without hyaline areas. Basal half of S-band entirely brown, without orange area in cell dm or bordering crossvein r-m; with lobelike projection to posterior wing margin in middle of cell cu 1; distal section of band orange with brown margins, relatively broad, at apex of vein R 2+3 0.75 times width of cell r 2+3, slightly broadening in cell r 2+3, well separated from apex of vein M; hyaline area proximal to it ending at vein R 2+3. Hyaline basomarginal spot in cell r 1 short triangular, extended slightly beyond vein R 2+3, its apex aligned slightly distal to crossvein rm. V-band complete, mostly brown, broadly connected to S-band in cell r 2+3; proximal arm with medial orange area bordering anterior 0.40 of dm-cu extending anteriorly beyond vein R 4+5; proximal arm very broad, gradually broadening posteriorly, without basal extension along wing margin, at level of vein M ca. 3 times as wide as distal arm and hyaline area proximal to it in cells r 4+5 and dm; distal arm slender. Abdomen: Mostly orange, without brown markings. Male terminalia: Unknown. Female terminalia: Oviscape 2.55 mm long, 0.94 times as long as mesonotum; base orange, distal three fourths brown; spiracle at basal 0.34. Eversible membrane (Fig. 63) with 20–25 large, hooklike dorsobasal scales in triangular pattern, gradually shorter and stouter proximally. Aculeus straight in lateral view, 2.24 mm long; in ventral view (Fig. 108) base 0.22 mm wide; shaft 0.12 mm wide at midlength; tip (Fig. 144) 0.26 mm long, 0.11 mm wide, 2.39 times as long as wide, 0.06 mm wide in lateral view, 0.55 times ventral width, in ventral view basal part nearly parallel-sided with lateral margin very slightly concave, apical 0.44 elongate triangular, finely serrate, but basal serrations curving onto dorsal side (difficult to see in ventral view). Spermathecae spherical. Distribution. Anastrepha amazonensis is known only from Brazil (Amazonas). Biology. The host plants and other aspects of the biology of this species other than date of capture of adults are unknown. Type Data. Holotype female (INPA USNMENT00052107), BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus, 18 Oct 1985, B. Klein R-1301 R. e. s. 2. The holotype appears to have been preserved originally in alcohol and later pinned. Its eyes and scutum are slightly shriveled, making the color pattern of the latter difficult to observe. Etymology. The name of this species is an adjective referring to the region where the holotype was collected.Published as part of Norrbom, Allen L. & Korytkowski, Cheslavo A., 2009, A revision of the Anastrepha robusta species group (Diptera: Tephritidae) 2182, pp. 1-91 in Zootaxa 2182 (1) on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2182.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/531654

Anastrepha pittieri Caraballo 1985

Anastrepha pittieri Caraballo Figs. 53, 86, 99, 132–133, 159, 179, 190, 207–208 Anastrepha pittieri Caraballo 1981: 138 [nomen nudum; description, wing, aculeus tip, Venezuela]. Anastrepha pittieri Caraballo 1985: 27 [description, wing, aculeus tip, Venezuela]; Norrbom 1985: 159 [eversible membrane, aculeus tip, male terminalia, egg]; Norrbom & Foote 1989: 20 [egg]; Korytkowski 1997: 48 [in key]; Norrbom et al. 1999a: 81 [in catalog, Panamá]; Norrbom et al. 1999b: 327 [eversible membrane, classification]; Korytkowski 2004: 56 [in key]. [not] Anastrepha pittieri: Silva & Ronchi-Teles 2000: 205 [misidentification of A. isolata]. Diagnosis. Anastrepha pittieri differs from most species of Anastrepha in having an extension from the base of the S-band in the middle of cell cu 1 that is connected to the proximal arm of the V-band on the posterior wing margin. It differs from other species having that wing character, except A. isolata, in having vein M strongly curved apically and the C-band with a well defined, yellow or subhyaline area in cell r 1 posterior to the basal third to half of the pterostigma. It differs from A. isolata in having the aculeus tip not expanded basally and with smaller serrations. Description. Mostly yellow to orange, with white to pale yellow markings. Setae dark red brown to black. Head: Yellow to orange except brown ocellar tubercle. 3–6 frontal setae; 2 orbital setae, posterior seta well developed. Ocellar seta weak, at most 1.5 times as long as ocellar tubercle. Facial carina, in profile, slightly concave to slightly convex (usually straight) dorsally and medially. Antenna extended 0.7–0.8 distance to ventral facial margin. Thorax: Mostly yellow to orange with following areas white or pale yellow (not always well differentiated in dried specimens): postpronotal lobe; diffuse medial vitta, inverted T-shaped or reduced to quadrate posterior area extended laterally to dorsocentral seta; paired sublateral scutal vitta from transverse suture to posterior margin, including intra-alar seta; part or all of scutellum; dorsal margin of anepisternum; dorsal margin of katepisternum; katepimeron; and most of anatergite and katatergite. Posterior margin of scutum with broad brown band with straight anterior margin or narrowest medially, where not extended anteriorly beyond acrostichal seta, sometimes with short anterior extensions towards or to dorsocentral seta or laterally along sublateral white vitta, ending laterally at sublateral white vitta, not extended to intra-alar seta; occasionally extended onto extreme base of disc of scutellum or (1♂ 1♀ Rancho Grande) with scutellum, including sides, largely pale brown except large medial white area on disk and apex and smaller lateral white area including basal seta. Subscutellum and mediotergite entirely orange. Mesonotum 4.00– 4.35 mm long (3.88–4.36 according to Caraballo 1985). Scutum entirely microtrichose; setulae yellow or orange medially, brownish laterally, or mostly brownish. Katepisternal seta weak, yellow or orange, no more than 0.33 as large as anepimeral seta. Wing (Fig. 53): Length 8.9–10.6 mm, width 3.6–4.1 mm, ratio 2.40–2.63. Apex of vein R 1 at 0.54–0.57 wing length. Cell c 1.14–1.31 times as long as pterostigma; pterostigma 3.18–4.07 times as long as wide. Vein R 2+3 without sharp bends or undulations. Crossvein r-m at 0.64–0.69 distance from bm-cu to dm-cu on vein M. Vein M strongly curved apically; cell r 4+5 0.61–0.81 times as wide at apex as at level of dm-cu. Cell bcu with distal lobe moderately long, length of bcu 1.58–1.82 times as long as anterior margin. Wing pattern mostly moderate to dark brown and orange. C-band with cell bc yellowish; cell c yellowish basally and anteriorly, distal 0.20–0.75 of anterior margin brown, posteriorly with elongate medial subhyaline or hyaline area; yellow area sometimes extending into posterobasal corner of pterostigma and always into cell r 1, broadly reaching or usually almost reaching R, and extending distally to level of 0.33–0.67 length of pterostigma; remainder of band in pterostigma, r 1, r 2+3, and br dark brown except pterostigma sometimes paler brown apically or r 1 and/or r 2+3 sometimes with dark orange brown subapical areas. C-band and S-band broadly connected along vein R 4+5; hyaline area in cell br small, usually not reaching vein R 4+5 and 0.50–1.33 times as long as distal orange and brown area of cell; cell dm with basal hyaline area moderately large. Basal half of S–band mostly brown, with large medial orange area broadly bordering crossvein r-m and extending into anterior 0.50–0.80 of cell dm, proximal margin of band in dm with brown margin except in Rio Caruai female; with brown, lobelike projection to posterior wing margin in middle of cell cu 1 broadly connected to proximal arm of V-band along wing margin; distal section of S-band orange with broad brown margins, moderately broad, at apex of vein R 2+3 0.62–0.83 times width of cell r 2+3, even in width to distinctly broadening in cell r 2+3, extended to apex of vein M; hyaline area proximal to it ending at vein R 2+3. Hyaline basomarginal spot in cell r 1 narrowly triangular, sometimes with blunt apex, extended to R 4+5, its apex aligned proximal to crossvein r-m. V-band complete, mostly brown, broadly connected to S-band in cell r 2+3; proximal arm with slender medial orange area bordering anterior half to entire length of dm-cu and extending into cell r 4+5, usually reaching to or beyond vein R 4+5; proximal arm moderately broad anteriorly, slightly gradually broadening posteriorly, with basal extension along wing margin, at level of vein M 1.4–2.0 times as wide as distal arm and 1.20–1.75 times as wide as hyaline area proximal to it in cells r 4+5 and dm; distal arm slender to moderately broad, connected to proximal arm. 2+3 Abdomen: Mostly orange, without brown markings. Male terminalia (Figs. 207–208): Lateral surstylus short, extended beyond prensisetae by ca. 1.5 times length of prensiseta; in lateral view slightly posteriorly curved; in posterior view gradually tapered to bluntly acute apex, lateral margin slightly convex to slightly concave, medial margin convex. Proctiger with ventral and lateral sclerotized areas connected but lateral areas separate dorsally. Phallus 2.30–2.40 mm long, 0.54–0.58 times as long as mesonotum; glans 0.41–0.50 mm long. Female terminalia: Oviscape 1.72–2.02 mm long, 0.39–0.50 times as long as mesonotum; entirely orange; spiracle at basal 0.39–0.46. Eversible membrane (Figs. 86, 99) with 9–10 long hooklike dorsobasal scales in 2 irregualr rows distal to similar number of small, stout scales. Aculeus (Figs. 132–133) slightly ventrally curved in lateral view, 1.05–1.10 mm long; in ventral view base 0.24–0.26 mm wide; shaft 0.08–0.09 mm wide at midlength; tip (Figs. 159, 179) 0.14–0.16 mm long, 0.08–0.095 mm wide, 1.63–1.88 times as long as wide, 0.055–0.06 mm wide in lateral view, 0.63–0.71 times ventral width, in ventral view triangular, at most slightly broader than shaft of aculeus, distal 0.81 to entirely serrate, serrations relatively large. Spermathecae spherical. Egg (Fig. 190) (8 dissected from abdomen of female, Venezuela: Rancho Grande): Slender, 1.38–1.55 mm long, 0.15–0.18 mm wide at broadest point, slightly curved, subcylindrical, posterior end only slightly tapered. Anterior end with elongate lobe distal to micropyle 0.63 times as long as main part of egg, micropyle nipple-shaped. Distribution. Anastrepha pittieri is known from Panamá and Venezuela (Aragua, Bolívar). The record from Brazil (Amazonas) (Silva & Ronchi-Teles 2000) was based on a male of A. isolata misidentified by Norrbom. Biology. The host plants and other aspects of the biology of this species other than dates of capture of adults are unknown. Type Data. Holotype female (IZAM), Venezuela: Aragua: Rancho Grande, 1100 m, 6 Mar 1969, J. Salcedo [not examined]. Other specimens examined. PANAMÁ: Panamá: Barro Colorado Island, 8 May 1945, J. Zetek 5191, 1♂ (USNM USNMENT00216183). VENEZUELA: Aragua: Rancho Grande, 10–21 Feb 1969, Duckworth & Dietz, 1♀ (USNM USNMENT00052102); same, 1100 m, 28 May 1953, C. J. Rosales, 1♂ 1♀ paratypes (USNM USNMENT00216180, USNMENT00216187); same, 1100 m, 28 May 1953, J. A. Gonzalez, 1♂ (USNM USNMENT00216182); same, 1100 m, 27 Nov 1967, G. I. Stange, 1♀ (USNM USNMENT00216181); 1100 m, 8 May 1967, F. Fernández Yépez & J. Salcedo, 1♀ (USNM USNMENT00216186); same, cloud forest, 1100 m, blacklight, 15–16 Mar 1978, J. B. Heppner, 1♂ 1♀ (USNM USNMENT00216184-85). Bolívar: Caruai River, 765 m, Feb 1953, E. McGuire, 1♀ (AMNH USNMENT00216188). Comments. This species was well described by Caraballo (1985) and we examined paratypes. One female (USNMENT00216184) and one male (USNMENT00216182) from Rancho Grande, Venezuela have an unusual scutellum color, with the base of the disk brown, extending to the sides between the basal and apical setae, isolating a broad oval yellow medial area. These specimens have the posterior scutal band relatively dark, so this may be the full expression of this species' color pattern. The female from the Caruai River has the least serrate aculeus tip and several slight differences in wing pattern, but is tentatively considered conspecific with the other specimens.Published as part of Norrbom, Allen L. & Korytkowski, Cheslavo A., 2009, A revision of the Anastrepha robusta species group (Diptera: Tephritidae) 2182, pp. 1-91 in Zootaxa 2182 (1) on pages 45-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2182.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/531654

Anastrepha amaryllis Tigrero

Anastrepha amaryllis Tigrero Figs. 18, 143, 164–165 Anastrepha cryptostrepha: Molineros et al. 1992: 40 [misidentification, see Tigrero 1998: 48]. Anastrepha amaryllis Tigrero 1998: 38 [description, wing, aculeus tip, Ecuador]; Norrbom et al. 1999b: 333 [classification]; Korytkowski 2004: 61 [in key]. Diagnosis. Anastrepha amaryllis differs from other species of Anastrepha except A. furcata, A. fuscata and A. robusta in having the aculeus strongly dorsally curved. We have not examined this species, but it appears to differ from the latter three species in having longer terminalia (oviscape 3.43 mm long, 0.71 times mesonotum length vs. no more than 3.0 mm long, 0.65 times mesonotum length in the other species). It also has a longer aculeus tip (0.47 mm, vs. less than 0.40 mm in the other three species). In wing pattern it more resembles A. robusta, with less extensive dark brown areas than in the other two species. Description. Setae dark. Thorax: Mesonotum 4.81 mm long. Scutum with dark brown band on posterior margin. Scutal setulae yellowish. Katepisternal seta short and weak. Wing (Fig. 18): Length 9.44 mm, 2.48 times as long as wide. Apex of vein R 1 at 0.55 wing length. Cell c 1.27 times as long as pterostigma; pterostigma 3.50 times as long as wide. Vein R 2+3 without sharp bends or undulations. Crossvein r-m at 0.65 distance from bm-cu to dm-cu on vein M. Vein M strongly curved apically; cell r 4+5 0.72 times as wide at apex as at level of dm-cu. Cell bcu with distal lobe moderately long, length of bcu 1.64 times as long as anterior margin. Wing pattern mostly orange and moderate brown. C-band with cells bc and c mostly yellowish; pterostigma mostly brown; cells r 1, br, and r 2+3 orange except posterior and distal margins partially narrowly brown. C-band and S-band broadly connected along vein R 4+5; hyaline area in cell br narrowly separated from vein R 4+5, ca. as long as distal orange area of cell; cell dm with basal hyaline area moderately large. Basal half of S-band mostly orange with brown margins, in radial cells and distally in cell dm, proximal margin in cell dm orange; more than posterior half of part in cell cu 1 brown; posterior margin with distinct incision in cell cu 1; distal section of band orange with brown margins, broad, at apex of vein R 2+3 0.91 times width of cell r 2+3, distinctly broadening in cell r 2+3, narrowly separated from apex of vein M. Hyaline basomarginal spot in cell r 1 triangular, with blunt apex, extended to R 4+5, its apex aligned proximal to crossvein r-m. V-band complete, mostly brown, broadly connected to S-band in cell r 2+3; proximal arm with medial orange area from apex of band to anterior fourth of dm-cu; proximal arm slender anteriorly, slightly broadening posteriorly, with short basal extension along wing margin, at level of vein M ca. 2 times as wide as distal arm and ca. as wide as hyaline area proximal to it in cells r 4+5 and dm; distal arm slender. Male terminalia: Unknown. Female terminalia: Oviscape 3.43 mm long, 0.71 times as long as mesonotum. Eversible membrane with only distal row of 6 scales large and curved. Aculeus dorsally curved, 2.59 mm long; shaft 0.09 mm wide at midlength; tip (Figs. 143, 164–165) 0.47 mm long, 0.08 mm wide, 5.88 times as long as wide (based on measurements in description, ca. 4.0 times as long as wide in figure), slightly expanded subbasally, then gradually tapered, nonserrate. Distribution. Anastrepha amaryllis is known only from Ecuador. Biology. The host plants and other aspects of the biology of this species other than date of capture of adults are unknown. Type Data. Holotype female (Pontificia Universidad Católica, Quito), Ecuador: Napo: El Coca, Oct 1987, G. Onore and students, collected by net [not examined]. Comments. The description and measurements for this species, which we have not seen, are mostly taken from the original description and figures of Tigrero (1998) and additional measurements kindly provided by Ing. Tigrero. The measurments of the terminalia are those he provided in the description; the length/width ratio of the aculeus tip in Tigrero's fig. 82 is less than that based on the measurements.Published as part of Norrbom, Allen L. & Korytkowski, Cheslavo A., 2009, A revision of the Anastrepha robusta species group (Diptera: Tephritidae) 2182, pp. 1-91 in Zootaxa 2182 (1) on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2182.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/531654

Anastrepha lutea Stone

Anastrepha lutea Stone Figs. 5 –6, 13– 14. Anastrepha lutea Stone 1942: 95 [description, female; Panama]; Steyskal 1977: 27 [in key]; Norrbom et al. 1999 a: 80 [catalog]. Anastrepha bellicauda Norrbom in Norrbom & Kim 1988: 168 [description, male]; Norrbom et al. 1999 a: 77 [catalog; Venezuela]; Norrbom et al. 1999 b: 321, 324; McPheron et al. 1999: 345. New synonymy. Diagnosis. Anastrepha lutea also belongs to the schausi species group. The sexes are dimorphic in wing pattern and abdominal markings and setation. The male (Fig. 14) is easily recognized from other Anastrepha species by its highly reduced wing pattern, which is mostly diffuse yellow, and by the pattern of brown markings and clusters of large setae on the abdomen. The female (Fig. 13) differs from other species of the schausi group in having the C- and S- bands broadly connected along vein R 4 + 5. It was included in the key of Steyskal (1977). Description. Mostly yellow to orange. Setae dark brown to black. Body length: female 9.0–11.0 mm, male 6.5 –8.0 mm. Head: Yellow to orange except ocellar tubercle brown. Face entirely microtrichose and without white or brown markings in either sex, ventral margin not expanded laterally, carina weak, in profile concave. 3–4 frontal setae. Usually 2 orbital setae (posterior seta absent on 1 side in 2 specimens and on both sides in 2 of 18 specimens). Ocellar seta weak, 1–2 times as long as ocellar tubercle. Antenna extended 0.60–0.75 distance to ventral facial margin. Arista short pubescent. Thorax (Figs. 13–14): Mostly yellow to orange, without brown markings; postpronotal lobe, scutellum except base of disc, scutal vittae and dorsal margin of anepisternum white; medial scutal vitta slender, slightly broadened and rounded posteriorly, extended laterally to or slightly beyond acrostichal seta. Mesonotum 2.90–3.75 mm long. Scutum, postpronotal lobe, notopleuron and scutellum entirely microtrichose. Scutal setulae mostly yellow, brownish laterally. Chaetotaxy as usual for genus, katepisternal seta paler and weaker than other setae but moderately long, 2 / 3 to as long as postocellar seta. Wing (Figs. 5–6): Length 6.7–8.5 mm, width 2.55–3.35 mm, ratio 2.47–2.73. Cell c 1.11–1.23 times as long as pterostigma. Apex of vein R 1 at 0.53–0.58 wing length. Vein R 2 + 3 nearly straight. Vein M weakly curved apically; cell r 4 + 5 0.96–1.14 times as wide at apex as at level of dm-cu. Crossvein r-m at 0.66–0.70 length of cell dm, ratio of second to third sections of vein M 1.96–2.31. Distal lobe of cell bcu moderately long, bcu 1.43–1.57 times as long as its anterior margin. Pattern strongly sexually dimorphic. In male (Fig. 6) mostly hyaline with diffuse, pale yellow basal area of varying extent, usually covering cells bc, c, pterostigma, bm, bcu, base of cu 1, and cells r 2 + 3, br, and dm to level of crossvein r-m or slightly beyond, br usually with hyaline area posterior to pterostigma; crossvein dm-cu sometimes narrowly bordered with faint yellow. In female (Fig. 5; Stone 1942, pl. 20 A) pattern of more typical Anastrepha type, mostly yellow to orange brown, posterior margin of base of S-band in cell cu 1, sometimes extending to vein R 4 + 5, distal part of S-band, and proximal arm of V-band posterior to vein M darker. C- and S-bands broadly connected along vein R 4 + 5, hyaline area distal to apex of vein R 1 with somewhat diffuse margins and usually rounded or irregular in shape, extending only to or slightly posterior to vein R 2 + 3. S-band extended basally into posterior 1 / 4 – 1 / 2 and distal margin of cell bm; distal section moderately broad, at apex of vein R 2 + 3 0.57–0.74 times width of cell r 2 + 3; narrowly separated from or just reaching apex of vein M. V-band separated from S-band, incomplete, distal arm absent at least posteriorly, if present anteriorly broad and diffuse, without hyaline area between it and vein M; proximal arm extended basally along posterior wing margin more than half distance from vein Cu 1 to vein A 1 +Cu 2 but not connected to base of S-band. In male microtrichose except cell bc, extreme base of br (proximal to crossvein h), alula, and sometimes anterior and/or posterior areas in bcu or very small basal area in cell cu 1. In female microtrichose except cell bc, base and posterior 1 / 4 – 2 / 3 of cell c, extreme base (proximal to crossvein h) and posterior margin of subapical hyaline area of br, bm except distal and usually posterior margin, small basal or anterobasal area in dm, anteriorly and posteriorly in cell bcu (broadly to narrowly microtrichose along medial fold), very small basal area in cu 1, small narrow anterobasal area in a 1, and most or all of alula. Male abdomen (Fig. 14): Syntergite 1 + 2 mostly yellow to orange fading to white posteriorly. Tergites 3 and 4 with dark brown band on basal half, sometimes weakly and narrowly divided medially; white posteriorly. Tergite 5 dark brown on lateral 1 / 3 – 2 / 5, separated by white area slightly to strongly tapered posteriorly. White areas of all tergites with dense silvery white microtrichia. Brown areas of tergite 5 nonmicrotrichose. Setae on lateral margins of tergites 3 and 4, lateral and apical margins and on brown areas of tergite 5 large and stout. Lateral surstylus in posterior view elongate triangular, medial margin convex to very slightly concave, lateral margin slightly concave subapically, apex acute. Proctiger without lateral fold separating sclerotized areas. Phallus 4.95–5.50 mm long; 1.41–1.90 times as long as mesonotum. Glans 0.60–0.65 mm long. Female abdomen (Fig. 13): Tergites yellow to orange with posterior margins white, in Panama females tergite 3 with pair of narrow, diffuse brown bands on lateral 1 / 4 – 1 / 3 on basal half; basal, lateral parts of tergites 4 and 5 also slightly darker. Tergites mostly microtrichose but without denser, silvery white microtrichia; tergites 3–5 with nonmicrotrichose band at midlength on lateral 1 / 3 – 2 / 5. Oviscape 3.20–3.85 mm long, 0.97– 1.19 times as long as mesonotum, entirely yellow to orange; spiracle at basal 0.28–0.32. Eversible membrane with about 35 long, slender, hook-like dorsobasal scales in triangular to semicircular pattern. Aculeus 2.95– 3.70 mm long; base 0.19–0.23 mm wide; shaft 0.085–0.105 mm wide at midlength; tip (Stone 1942, fig. 19 A) 0.21–0.27 mm long, 0.100– 0.105 mm wide, 2.10–2.57 times as long as wide, nonserrate, gradually tapered. Spermathecae elongate ovoid. Type data. A. lutea: Holotype Ψ (National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC (USNM USNMENT 00212764), PANAMA: Panamá: El Cermeño [8 ° 44 'N 79 ° 51 'W], Fruit fly trap, 3 Oct 1939, J. Zetek 4553. A. bellicauda: Holotype ɗ (USNM USNMENT 00212763), PANAMA: El Cermeño, Fruit fly trap, Dec 1939 – Jan 1940, J. Zetek 4621. Other specimens examined. PANAMA: Panamá: El Cermeño, 5 Dec 1939, J. Zetek 4600, 1Ψ paratype (USNM USNMENT 00212765); El Cermeño, Fruit fly trap, 12 Nov 1940, J. Zetek 4701, 1Ψ (USNM USNMENT 00212766). VENEZUELA: Trujillo: La Chira, 9 ° 12 ' 54 "N 70 ° 51 ' 23 "W, 300 m., emerged 15 Jul 1995, reared ex fruit of "cusco", K. P. Katiyar & J. Oroño MFAKP-00913, 8 ɗ 8 Ψ (USNM USNMENT 00048639- 54). Biology. In Venezuela K. P. Katiyar and colleagues reared A. lutea from fruit of a plant identified only as “cusco”, probably a species of Sapotaceae (K. P. Katiyar, pers. comm.). Distribution. Anastrepha lutea is known only from Panama and Venezuela. Comments. Norrbom described A. bellicauda from a male, presuming that the conspecific female would have the C- and S-bands of the wing separated as in other species of the schausi group, but the reared series from Venezuela indicates that it is conspecific with A. lutea, previously known only from females.Published as part of Norrbom, Allen L. & Korytkowski, Cheslavo A., 2007, A new species, new synonymy, and taxonomic notes in the Anastrepha schausi group (Diptera: Tephritidae), pp. 47-55 in Zootaxa 1497 on pages 51-55, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17705