Heritability of Quantitative Traits in F1 and F2 Progenies of some Domestic and Foreign Tobacco Varieties

Aim of this paper was to investigate heredity of plant height, number of leaves per plant, middle zone leaf area, green mass yield and dry matter yield per plant in F1 and F2 progeny of four tobacco varieties: Prilep – P12-2/1, Pobeda – P-2, Jaka –YV125/3 and Forchheimer Ogrodowny – FO. In F1 progeny the highest narrow-sense heritability value was estimated for dry matter yield per plant while in F2 progeny was for middle zone leaf area. In both investigated generations the highest broad-sense heritability value was estimated for green mass yield per plant, while the lowest narrow and broad-sense heritability was estimated for number of leaves per plant

INVESTIGATION ON THE NUMBER AND SIZE OF THE LEAVES IN SOME OLD DOMESTIC AND NEW TOBACCO VARIETIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Investigations were carried out with five old domestic oriental tobaccos of the types: Prilep (P 10–3/2 and P 12–2/1), Djebel (Dj №1) and Yaka (YK 7–4/2 and KY)and five commercial oriental varieties of Prilep tobacco (P–23, P–84, NS–72, P–66–9/7 and P–79–94), to study the number, length, width and area of the middle belt leaves per stalk. The trial was set up inthe Experimental field of Tobacco Institute–Prilep in 2013 and 2014, in randomized block design with three replications, using traditional agricultural practices. The aim of the investigation is to study some autochthonous varieties and new commercial varieties for the stated quantitative traits, and with analysis of variance to estimate the significance of differences by varieties and years, which will improve our knowledge on stability of the traits, genotypical homogeneity and progress in selection of oriental tobacco in the Republic of Macedonia. Differences in leaf the number and size among genotypes in the two-year investigations are highly significant, which is genetic indicator of their mutual differences. The error of the mean value is low, indicating stability and homozygosity of the genotypes. The variety P–66–9/7 is characterized with the highest number of leaves ( x = 60) and it has 33 leaves more than YK 7–4/2 and Dj №1. The largest leaf size was measured in P–79–94 ( x = 23,3cm – length, 12,1 cm –width, 179 cm2–area). It has 4,8 cm longer, 3,2 cm wider and 74,5 cm2 larger leaves then YK 7–4/2, which is characterized by the smallest leaves. These data point out to a successful breeding activity of the Tobacco Institute in the selection of oriental aromatic tobaccos. Through evaluation of stability of varieties, the breeder improves its knowledge ontheir homozygosity and higher security in the choice of parental pairs for implementing selection programs

Investigations of Combining Abilities in Diallel Set of Varieties Belonging to Several Tobacco Types

General and specific combining abilities were investigated for the characters stalk height, leaf number, fresh mass and dry mass per stalk in four parental genotypes (Burley B-2/93, pink flower Suhum - S1, white flower Suhum - S2 and Prilep P-84) together with their six diallel F1 hybrids with the aim of improving the process of creation of new varieties. The trial was set up in 2007 at the Experimental field of Tobacco Institute-Prilep in randomized block design with four replications. For the analysis of the combining abilities, Griffing’s Method 2 Model 1 was used. The best general combiner for stalk height and fresh/dry yield mass per stalk was B-2/93, and for leaf number it was P-84. Hybrids S2 x P-84 and S1 x P-84 showed the best SCA for stalk height. The three varieties in these two combinations showed low GCA for the same character. The only combination with high SCA for leaf number per stalk was S1 x S2 (hybrid created from two lines of a same variety, differing only by their flowers color, which indicates an intravarietal hybridization, applied as a method for maintenance of varieties, in order to prevent degeneration and to increase the biological potential of the variety). Hybrids B-2/93 x S2, B-2/93 x P-84 and B-2/93 x S1 have high SCA for fresh/dry mass yield per stalk. In all three combinations, maternal variety B-2/93 was with high GCA values, and parental varieties with low GCA values

Investigations of Combining Abilities in Diallel Set of Varieties Belonging to Several Tobacco Types

General and specific combining abilities were investigated for the characters stalk height, leaf number, fresh mass and dry mass per stalk in four parental genotypes (Burley B-2/93, pink flower Suhum - S1, white flower Suhum - S2 and Prilep P-84) together with their six diallel F1 hybrids with the aim of improving the process of creation of new varieties. The trial was set up in 2007 at the Experimental field of Tobacco Institute-Prilep in randomized block design with four replications. For the analysis of the combining abilities, Griffing’s Method 2 Model 1 was used. The best general combiner for stalk height and fresh/dry yield mass per stalk was B-2/93, and for leaf number it was P-84. Hybrids S2 x P-84 and S1 x P-84 showed the best SCA for stalk height. The three varieties in these two combinations showed low GCA for the same character. The only combination with high SCA for leaf number per stalk was S1 x S2 (hybrid created from two lines of a same variety, differing only by their flowers color, which indicates an intravarietal hybridization, applied as a method for maintenance of varieties, in order to prevent degeneration and to increase the biological potential of the variety). Hybrids B-2/93 x S2, B-2/93 x P-84 and B-2/93 x S1 have high SCA for fresh/dry mass yield per stalk. In all three combinations, maternal variety B-2/93 was with high GCA values, and parental varieties with low GCA values

Tobacco Breeding for Leaves and Yield

The aim of this study was to investigate the mode of inheritance of leaf number per stalk, area of the middle belt leaves and yield of dry leaf mass per stalk in four F1 tobacco hybrids. These tobacco hybrids were obtained by crossing five varieties, four of which are Oriental in the role of mother and one Broadleaf as a father. Investigations were made in 2020 and 2021. The most common mode of inheritance is negative dominance for the first trait, partial for the second trait and intermediate dominance for the third trait. There is no heterosis. The best results considering the size of the middle belt leaves and the yield of dry mass gave P-76%252F86 x B-1%252F91. The obtained mode of inheritance is an indicator of good selection of individuals in future generations and quick fixation and stabilization of the traits. The four hybrid combinations represent very interesting starting material for tobacco breeding

STUDY OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS IN ORIENTAL TOBACCO GENOTYPES

Ten genotypes of oriental tobacco (three varieties and sevennewly created lines) were investigated for some major morphologicaland agronomic traits: height of the plant without inflorescence, leafnumber per plant, length/width of the middle belt leaves and dry massyield/plant. The trial was set up in the Experimental field of TobaccoInstitute–Prilep in 2016 and 2017, in randomized block design with fourreplications, using traditional agricultural practices. Measurements ofthe first three traits were made in the stage of butonization andbeginning of flowering, while the dry mass yield was recorded duringthe treatment of cured tobacco. The results were statistically processed.The aim of the research is to study the quantitative traits of Orientalgenotypes, to determine the stability of the population through theirvariability and to emphasize the best among the selected assortment.From the set of genotypes we selected three superior lines with a highdegree of homogeneity. The coefficient of variation of quantitative traitsin these lines was lower than 10%, which is a sign of their stability. Aftertheir acceptance by the Commission for recognition and approval ofvarieties within the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and WaterEconomy of R. Macedonia, these genotypes will be placed on the market

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF TOBACCO VARIETIES OF TOBACCO TYPE “PRILEP”

Opće je poznato da svaka poljoprivredna proizvodnja ima za cilj stjecanja ekonomske koristi za proizvođača. Financijski učinak duhana ovisi o njegovoj kvaliteti i urodu. Cilj ovog rada je dati ekonomsku ocjenu duhana aktualni sorti orijentalnoaromatičnog tipa “Prilep”, odnosno preko analize prinosa suhog duhana i dobivenih prosječnih cijena, prikazati bruto-prihod po jedinici povšine (ha). Istraživanja su vršena u Duhanskom institutu u Prilepu tijekom 2009. i 2010. godine na pokusnom polju u 4 ponavljanja metodom randomiziranih blokova. Predmetom ovih ispitivanja obuhvaćene su slijedeće sorte: P-23 (kontrola), P 12-2/1, NS-72, P-66-9/7, P-79-94 i Prilep basma 82. Prinos i kvaliteta suhog duhana navedenih sorti određeni su Pravilnikom kvalitativne i kvantitativne procjene sirovog duhana u listu za orijentalne-aromatične tipove duhana (“Sl. list” R.M. br. 16/2007 i br. 114/2010). Potom su izračunati prinos u kg/ha, prosječne cijene u €/kg i bruto-prihod u €/ha. Rezultati su pokazali da najveće prinose i kvalitetu imaju sorte P-66-9/7 i Prilep basma 82, što garantira veći bruto-prihod po jedinici površine uspoređujući s drugim vrstama (P-66-9/7 = 8183.33 €/ha, Prilep basma 82 = 8568.20 €/ha). Ova su istraživanja pokazala da je proizvodnja duhana isplativa poljoprivredna djelatnost u Republici Makedoniji s pravilnim, odgovarajućim izborom sorte i primjenom suvremenih agrotehničkih mjera.In general every agricultural production has a specific goal for the producer to gain certain economic benefits. The financial effect of tobacco production depends on the tobacco yield and quality. The goal of this paper was to perform an economic evaluation of tobacco varieties of popular oriental aromatic type Prilep by analysis of dry tobacco yield and quality as well as the given average price (economic parameters) to present the gross income per unit of area (ha). All researches were performed in the Scientific Tobacco Institute – Prilep in the period between 2009 and 2010 in field experiments with four repetitions, set by the method of random blocks system. Varieties P-23 (control), P 12-2/1, NS-72, P-66-9/7, P-79-94 and Prilep basma 82 were used in the researches. Dry tobacco yield and quality of the varieties were established in accordance with the Book of regulations for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of dry tobacco leaves of oriental aromatic tobacco types (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia no.16/2007 and no.114/2010). Afterwards the yield presented in kg/ha, the average price and the gross income presented in euros were mathematically calculated. The results show that the varieties P-66-9/7 and Prilep basma 82 have the highest level of yield and quality, which guarantees higher gross income per unit of area, when compared to other varieties (P-66-9/7 = 8183,33 €/ha; Prilep basma 82 = 8568,20 €/ha). From the researches we can see that tobacco production is a profitable agricultural activity in the Republic of Macedonia if the variety is carefully chosen and modern agrotechnical measures are applied

УЛОГАТА НА СТАНДАРДИТЕ НА КВАЛИТЕТ НА ХРАНА НА СТАВОВИТЕ НА ВРАБОТЕНИТЕ ВО КОМПАНИИ ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛИ НА ХРАНА И ПИЈАЛАЦИ ВО Р. МАКЕДОНИЈА

При контролата на производство на храната постои верига на управување. Вршењето на одредена работа сѐ повеќе зависи од знаењето, довербата помеѓу двете страни, купувачот и снабдувачот, која е од посебна важност. Одност помеѓу купувачот и снабдувачот е верига од перспектива за управување со квалитет. Контролата на храната не вклучува само инспекција, туку подразбира производен процес кој е испланиран, развиен и подразбира корективни мерки. Крајната цел на квалитетот на контролата на конечниот производ, во границите на дозволеното отстапување, бара познавање на мерењето и анализа на квалитетот, како и целосна посветеност на менаџментот и вработените на компаниите. Целта на овој труд е да се согледа ефектот од примената на стандардите за квалитет на храната во компаниите во Р. Македонија, како и свесноста на вработените за влијанието на стандардите за квалитет во севкупниот впечаток за квалитет на храната која тие ја произведуваат

Современ менаџмент - контрола на храна, како главен предуслов за здравјето на човекот

Квалитет на храна е она што е карактеристично и прифатливо за конзументот на истата и се состои од надворешни фактори како што се: големина, форма, боја, сјај, постојаност, текстура и вкус, како и внатрешни стандарди: хемиски, физички и микробиолошки. Дефинирањето на квалитетот се спроведува со Акт за Безбедност на храна од 2002 година во Р.Македонија. Поради сомнежот на потрошувачите во квалитетот на храната од контаминација кој може да се појави во текот на процесот на производство, потрошувачите се потпираат на стандардите на производство и преработката на храна. Покрај квалитетот на содржината, мора да бидат истакнати и санитарните услови. Квалитетот на храната, се врши со следливост на производот, од контролорите на производството, добавувачот, пакувањето и датумот. Меѓу другото се занимаваат со точноста на етикетирањето каде што се наведуваат точните состојки и информации во врска со производот. Овде се истакнуваат меѓународните стандарди за квалитет кои што се основани во 1961 година во институтот Монд, Брисел, за тестирање на прехранбени производи со цел да се укаже на високиот квалитет на производите. Пред да се истакне дека еден прозивод ги исполнува стандардите за квалитет, потребно е да се направат следните анализи: сензорна, бактериолошка и хемиска. Наодите се донесуваат врз основа на следните карактеристики како што се: вкус, здравје, етикетирање, декларирање,(каде се наведува начин на употреба и рокот), пакување, заштита на околината и иновациите. Во современ контекст целата храна што се внесува, мора да ги исполнува стандардите за квалитет пред конзумација на истата. Клучни зборови: Квалитет на храна, контрола, анализа, менаџмент, опрема и стандарди, штетни фактори, закон за безбедност, следливост, конзумација