Профессиональное самоопределение старшеклассников как проблема теории и методики воспитания в работах отечественных и зарубежных ученых

В даній статті описуються основні соціальні, психологічні та педагогічні аспекти професійного самовизначення учнівської молоді. Проаналізовані концепції провідних вітчизняних та зарубіжних вчених, які досліджували проблему професійного самовизначення учнівської молоді. Стаття може стати в нагоді учням старших класів, студентам, батькам, викладачам та науковцям.The paper describes the basic social, psychological and pedagogic aspects of professional self-identification of high school students, analyses the concepts of the leading Ukrainian and foreign academics related to professional self-identification and professional choice by high school students. The paper can be useful to school students, higher educational institution students, their parents, teachers and academics.В данной статье описываются основные социальные, психологические и педагогические аспекты профессионального самоопределения учащихся общеобразовательных школ. Проанализированы концепции ведущих отечественных и зарубежных ученых в области профессионального самоопределения и выбора профессии старшеклассниками. Статья может быть полезна ученикам школ, студентам, родителям, преподавателям и ученным

Neuraminidase Inhibitor Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses Circulating in Bulgaria during the Last Four Consecutive Epidemic Seasons (2011/12 to 2014/15)

Emergence of resistant influenza virus progeny to currently approved antiviral drugs determines the need for antiviral susceptibility monitoring. The aim of the present study is to analyze neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility of influenza viruses circulating in Bulgaria during the 2011/2012, 2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 flu seasons. A phenotypic fluorescence-based assay with MUNANA substrate was conducted with 93 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and type B isolates. Screening of 352 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses was carried out using a Real Time RT-PCR discrimination assay for detection of the H275Y oseltamivir resistance point mutation. Phenotypic (IC50) evidence for resistance or reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors was not found for any of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and type B viruses screened. Only one (0,3%) influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus carrying the H275Y substitution was detected. Real Time RT-PCR assay could be applied to screen large numbers of clinical A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus positive samples for oseltamivir resistance. The present study highlights the importance of continued influenza antiviral susceptibility monitoring in clinical specimens

Taxing the Informal Economy: The Current State of Knowledge and Agendas for Future Research

This paper reviews the literature on taxation of the informal economy, taking stock of key debates and drawing attention to recent innovations. Conventionally, the debate on whether to tax has frequently focused on the limited revenue potential, high cost of collection, and potentially adverse impact on small firms. Recent arguments have increasingly emphasised the more indirect benefits of informal taxation in relation to economic growth, broader tax compliance, and governance. More research is needed, we argue, into the relevant costs and benefits for all, including quasi-voluntary compliance, political and administrative incentives for reform, and citizen-state bargaining over taxation

Role of diffusion-weighted images in the diagnosis of metastatic changes in the abdominal cavity and lymph nodes in cancer

Проведен сравнительный анализ оценки выявления метастазов опухоли в брюшной полости, тазовых и лимфатических узлах с помощью МРТ с контрастированием и МРТ в сочетании с DWI – с последующим количественным измерением коэффициента диффузии на реконструированных ADC картах.A comparative analysis was carried out on the basis of the assessment of the detection of tumor metastases in the abdominal, pelvic and lymph nodes using MRI with contrast agent and combined MRI and DWI – followed by a quantitative measurement of the diffusion coefficient on the reconstructed ADC maps

Global disparities in SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance

Genomic sequencing is essential to track the evolution and spread of SARS-CoV-2, optimize molecular tests, treatments, vaccines, and guide public health responses. To investigate the global SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance, we used sequences shared via GISAID to estimate the impact of sequencing intensity and turnaround times on variant detection in 189 countries. In the first two years of the pandemic, 78% of high-income countries sequenced >0.5% of their COVID-19 cases, while 42% of low- and middle-income countries reached that mark. Around 25% of the genomes from high income countries were submitted within 21 days, a pattern observed in 5% of the genomes from low- and middle-income countries. We found that sequencing around 0.5% of the cases, with a turnaround time <21 days, could provide a benchmark for SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance. Socioeconomic inequalities undermine the global pandemic preparedness, and efforts must be made to support low- and middle-income countries improve their local sequencing capacity

Blood preparations of humans and animals in terms of their quality, efficacy and safety

The problems of quality and safety products derived from human blood plasma and hyperimmune animal sera as well as recombinant blood products resolved strict government regulation of their production processes. The risk of implications is minimized by plasma fractionation and purification of a specific drugs from various impurities (immunoglobulin aggregates, protease, plasmin, plasminogen, prekallikrein activator, IgA and IgM etc.). Viral safety is achieved by multi-step manufacturing process that includes at least two independent methods (treatment with solvent/detergent + incubation at low pH or pasteurization, combined with polyethylene glycol processing). It was justified that for today the technological process of the development of plasma preparations and hyperimmune animal sera has reached its limit. Their further development is the most likely to refer to specific improvements. The improvements will relate to increasing the efficiency of manufacturing technologies and methods of clinical use (preparations for subcutaneous administration, combinations of different immunoglobulin preparations, etc.), viral safety, ways to eliminate component, that were previously not considered to be able to influence the outcome of clinical use (soluble molecules CD4, CD8, HLA, thrombin, trace amounts of blood clotting factors VIII, IX, X, XI, XII etc.). At the same time new genetic engineered preparations with well-characterized molecular composition and a high selectivity for target impact are expected to appear on the market because of these unsolved issues. These are recombinant blood factors with altered properties; cocktails of recombinant antibodies and Fab-fragments of IgG, highly affine for toxin epitopes, etc. Therefore, in the upcoming years it is necessary to create in Russia a new system for assessing the quality, efficacy and safety of blood products, taking into account the future course of their development

The potential risks and impact of the start of the 2015–2016 influenza season in the WHO European Region: a rapid risk assessment

Background: Countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region are reporting more severe influenza activity in the 2015–2016 season compared to previous seasons. Objectives: To conduct a rapid risk assessment to provide interim information on the severity of the current influenza season. Methods: Using the WHO manual for rapid risk assessment of acute public health events and surveillance data available from Flu News Europe, an assessment of the current influenza season from 28 September 2015 (week 40/2015) up to 31 January 2016 (week 04/2016) was made compared with the four previous seasons. Results: The current influenza season started around week 51/2015 with higher influenza activity reported in Eastern Europe compared to Western Europe. There is a strong predominance of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 compared to previous seasons, but the virus is antigenically similar to the strain included in the seasonal influenza vaccine. Compared to the 2014/2015 season, there was a rapid increase in the number of severe cases in Eastern European countries with the majority of such cases occurring among adults aged < 65 years. Conclusions: The current influenza season is characterized by an early start in Eastern European countries, with indications of a more severe season. Currently circulating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses are antigenically similar to those included in the seasonal influenza vaccine, and the vaccine is expected to be effective. Authorities should provide information to the public and health providers about the current influenza season, recommendations for the treatment of severe disease and effective public health measures to prevent influenza transmission

Contemporary methods for realization and estimation of efficiency of 3Daudio technology application for sound interface improvement of an aircraft cabin

High information load of crew is one of the main problems of modern piloted aircraft therefore researches on approving data representation form, especially in critical situations are a challenge. The article considers one of opportunities to improve the interface of a modern pilot's cabin i.e. to use a spatial sound (3D - audio technology). The 3D - audio is a technology, which recreates a spatially directed sound in earphones or via loudspeakers. Spatial audio-helps, which together with information on danger will specify also the direction from which it proceeds, can reduce time of response to an event and, therefore, increase situational safety of flight. It is supposed that helps will be provided through pilot's headset therefore technology realization via earphones is discussed.Now the main hypothesis explaining the human ability to recognize the position of a sound source in space, asserts that the human estimates distortion of a sound signal spectrum at interaction with the head and an auricle depending on an arrangement of the sound source. For exact describing the signal spectrum variations there are such concepts as Head Related Impulse Response (HRIR) and Head Related Transfer Function (HRTF). HRIR is measured in humans or dummies. At present the most full-scale public HRIR library is CIPIC HRTF Database of CIPIC Interface Laboratory at UC Davis.To have 3D audio effect, it is necessary to simulate a mono-signal conversion through the linear digital filters with anthropodependent pulse characteristics (HRIR) for the left and right ear, which correspond to the chosen direction. Results should be united in a stereo file and applied for reproduction to the earphones.This scheme was realized in Matlab, and the received software was used for experiments to estimate the quantitative characteristics of technology. For processing and subsequent experiments the following sound signals were chosen: a fragment of the classical music piece "Polovetsky Dancings" from A.P. Borodin's opera "Prince Igor", the horn sounds, the modulated broadband noise (with the fixed position, and "wandering" in the range ±5º in the vertical direction with respect to the fixed position). In the course of experiments the examinee was offered to define in what of possible positions (on an azimuth ±80º, ±40º, 0º, on an eminence ±45º, 0º, and 90º - over the head) there is a virtual source of sound.According to results of experiments, directions with "rough" gradation 90 ° (in a horizontal "at the left–direct-on the right", in a vertical ""up-direct-down") are distinguished with he high probability (on the average 0.94) for all types of signals. Thus the spectral content of signal is of no importance. Results of more accurate recognition with gradation of 40 … 45 ° depend on the type of signal and are different for horizontal and vertical channels. In the horizontal channel the probability of the correct recognition for broadband signals (the modulated noise, classical music) is 0,77 … 0,78, for a sound of horn it is 0,75. In the vertical channel for broadband signals (the modulated noise, classical music) the probability of the correct recognition is 0.48 … 0.50, for a sound of horn it is 0.36. The results allow us to assume that the person recognizes better the position of sound signal sources with rather wide spectrum close to the natural ones (broadband noise, symphonic orchestra).Thus, as a result of the carried-out work the sound processing algorithms have been realized and the software to allow reproducing spatial audio-helps via earphones has been created. In the course of research the methods of a digital filtration as well the statistical methods to analyse the results of experiments have been used. The main result defining a scientific novelty of work is the objective quantitative characteristics of the 3D - audio technology, which are expedient for considering in designing the interfaces for pilots' cabins of modern aircrafts.</p