53 research outputs found
SyksyllÀ maahan lisÀtyn kuitulietteen ja ravinnekuidun vaikutus nitraatin huuhtoutumiseen
Nitraatin (NO3Ë) huuhtoutumista tutkittiin maamonoliittikokeessa. Niiden pinnalta kuorittiin 10 cm:n kerros pois, johon lisĂ€ttiin Lielahden pohjasta nostettua kuitulietettĂ€ (nollakuitua) tai kalkkistabiloitua ravinnekuitua ja laitettiin takaisin. Kuitujen nimelliset levitysmÀÀrĂ€t olivat 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 ja 16 t org. C ha-1. Monoliitteja kasteltiin vastaten sadantaa 2 mm vrk-1 3 krt viikko. Niiden lĂ€pi valunut huuhtouma otettiin talteen, punnittiin ja ravinteet analysoitiin. Syys- ja kevĂ€tsimulaation vĂ€lillĂ€ monoliitit pakastettiin ja sĂ€ilytettiin â5 °C:ssa kuvaten talvea. NO3Ë-typen osuus liukoista kokonaistypestĂ€ oli niin merkittĂ€vĂ€, ettĂ€ sen sijaan tuloksissa raportoidaan vain NO3Ë-N-huuhtouma. MÀÀritetyistĂ€ pitoisuuksista laskettiin huuhtouma valuman monoliitin pinta-ala perusteella. Ravinnekuitu nĂ€yttÀÀ vĂ€hentĂ€vĂ€n syksyllĂ€ huuhtoutuvan NO3Ë-N mÀÀrÀÀ jo pieninĂ€ annoksina. KuitulietteellĂ€ NO3Ë-N huuhtoutuminen vĂ€heni lĂ€hes suoraviivaisesti kuituannoksen kasvaessa, mutta ravinnekuidulla huuhtoutuminen vĂ€heni rajusti jo pienillĂ€ (1â2 t org. C ha-1) annoksilla ja kasvoi uudelleen kuituannoksen kasvaessa. Ravinnekuidulla NO3Ë-N huuhtoutuminen painottui syyssimulaatiossa 1. kuukauteen, minkĂ€ jĂ€lkeen se lĂ€hes loppui. KuitulietekĂ€sittelyissĂ€ NO3Ë-typen huuhtoutuminen ei vĂ€hentynyt yhtĂ€ jyrkĂ€sti. Kuiduttomasta kĂ€sittelystĂ€ NO3Ë-huuhtoutuminen jatkui lĂ€hes yhtĂ€ suurena kuin alussa vielĂ€ 2 kk:n kuluttua simulaation alusta. Voidaan olettaa, ettĂ€ se jatkuisi lĂ€hes yhtĂ€ suurena vielĂ€ ainakin kuukauden. Syksyn pituudella onkin suuri merkitys kuiduttomasta kĂ€sittelystĂ€ huuhtoutuvan NO3Ë:n mÀÀrĂ€n kannalta. Kuiduista on eniten hyötyĂ€ syksyn ollessa pitkĂ€. EnimmillÀÀn 2 kuukauden simulaation aikana voitiin nitraatin huuhtoutumista vĂ€hentÀÀ mÀÀrĂ€stĂ€ 21.1 kg ha-1 mÀÀrÀÀn 3.0 kg ha-1 eli 14%:iin kuitulieteannoksen ollessa 8 t ha-1. Ravinnekuidulla lĂ€hes yhtĂ€ suuri NO3Ë:n huuhtoutumisen vĂ€heneminen saavutettiin jo annoksella 1 t ha-1. Kun jo pienet mÀÀrĂ€t ravinnekuitua vĂ€hensivĂ€t syksyllĂ€ huuhtoutuvan NO3Ë:n mÀÀrÀÀ rajusti, kevÀÀn huuhtoutuma vĂ€heni vasta suuremmilla annoksilla. KevÀÀllĂ€ huuhtoutuva NO3Ë:n mÀÀrĂ€ oli lĂ€hes 1.5-kertainen syksyllĂ€ huuhtoutuvan NO3Ë:n mÀÀrÀÀn nĂ€hden 2 kk:n kuluessa, joten sen merkitys oli suurempi kokonaisuuden kannalta. PienimmĂ€n ravinnekuituannoksen (1 t ha-1) vaikutus ei riittĂ€nyt kevÀÀseen saakka, vaan siitĂ€ huuhtoutui NO3Ë:a yhtĂ€ lailla kuin kuiduttomasta kĂ€sittelystĂ€. Annoksen kasvattaminen 2 t ha-1 vĂ€hensi NO3Ë:n huuhtoutumista kevÀÀllĂ€ oleellisesti, mutta tĂ€ysi vaikutus saatiin vasta selvĂ€sti suuremmilla annoksilla (8 t ha-1). NĂ€illĂ€ ei kuitenkaan saatu yhtĂ€ suurta NO3Ë:n huuhtoutumisen vĂ€henemistĂ€ syksyllĂ€. NiinpĂ€ kuitumÀÀrĂ€llĂ€ on syytĂ€ hakea kompromissi syksyn ja kevÀÀn huuhtoutumisen kannalta pitĂ€en mielessĂ€ se, ettĂ€ suuri kuituannos johtaa seuraavana kasvukautena sadonalennukseen
Kuitulietteen kÀyttöön soveltuvien peltopinta-alojen tarkastelu Biomassa-atlaksen avulla
KuitulietteitĂ€ syntyy sellu- ja paperiteollisuuden sivuvirtana. Nykyisen tuotannon lisĂ€ksi entisillĂ€ paperiteollisuuspaikkakunnilla on kuituliete-esiintymiĂ€ jĂ€rvien pohjassa. Tampereen Lielahden kuituliete suunnitellaan nostettavaksi jĂ€rvestĂ€ ranta-alueen tullessa asuinalueeksi, koska se haittaa alueen virkistyskĂ€yttöÀ. Kuitulietteen ja ravinnekuidun maatalouskĂ€yttöÀ selvitetÀÀn YmpĂ€ristöministeriön rahoittamassa Peltokuitu-hankkeessa. Tavoitteena on selvittÀÀ kuitujen levitysmÀÀrĂ€, jolla maassa olevaa liukoista typpeĂ€ saadaan sidottua syksyllĂ€ siten, ettĂ€ typpi ei huuhtoudu, mutta on seuraavana kasvukautena kasvien kĂ€ytettĂ€vissĂ€ eikĂ€ kuitu sido seuraavana kevÀÀnĂ€ levitettĂ€vÀÀ typpilannoitetta kasvin kĂ€ytöstĂ€. KĂ€yttökohteita olisivat viljelykset, joissa maan liukoisen typen pitoisuus syksyllĂ€ voi olla suuri ja aiheuttaa huuhtoutumisriskiĂ€. TĂ€llaisia lohkoja olisivat mm. viherlannoitusnurmet, herne ja hĂ€rkĂ€papu sekĂ€ nurmien ja laitumien uudistamisvaihe ja kevĂ€tviljat. Hankkeessa tarkasteltiin mm. paljonko Lielahden pohjassa olevalle 1,5 milj. m3:n sedimentille on sopivaa kĂ€yttöalaa pelloilla. Vastaavasti tarkasteltiin mahdollisuuksia SAPP:in Lohjan Kirkniemen paperitehtaan lĂ€heisyydessĂ€. VĂ€lineenĂ€ kĂ€ytettiin Biomassa-atlasta (https://www.luke.fi/biomassa-atlas/), jonka avulla voidaan tarkastella eri kasvien viljelyn sijoittumista. Tarkastelussa kĂ€ytettiin vuoden 2017 viljelyalatietoja. Nurmet uusitaan 3â4 vuoden iĂ€ssĂ€ perustamalla suojaviljaan, ja siksi 1/4 sĂ€ilörehunurmi- ja laidunalasta on tarkastelussa laskettu uudistamisvaiheessa olevaksi.
Yli puolet Lielahden lĂ€hialueen pelloista on kevĂ€tkylvöisten kasvien viljelyssĂ€, mutta myös sĂ€ilörehu-, heinĂ€- ja laidunnurmia, sekĂ€ viherkesantoja ja luonnonhoitopeltoja on yhteensĂ€ yli 35%. Alle 30 km:n maantie-etĂ€isyydellĂ€ Lielahdesta viljelyalat ovat varsin pieniĂ€. TĂ€hĂ€n vaikuttaa Tampereen kaupungin ja NĂ€sijĂ€rven lĂ€heisyys. Korkeintaan 50 km:n etĂ€isyydellĂ€ Lielahdesta maantietĂ€ pitkin tarkastellut viljelyalat ovat: kevĂ€tviljat 30784 ha; herne ja hĂ€rkĂ€papu 980 ha, viherlannoitusnurmi 295 ha, ja sĂ€ilörehunurmien ja laidunten uusimisala 3731 ha. Erityisen hyvin kuitulietteet sopisivat herneen ja hĂ€rkĂ€pavun sekĂ€ viherlannoitusnurmen ja laidunnurmien uusimisen yhteydessĂ€ kĂ€ytettĂ€vĂ€ksi. NĂ€iden alueiden yhteinen ala Lielahdesta oli 108, 354, 1318 ja 1355 ha maantie-etĂ€isyyksillĂ€ 0â20 km, 20â30 km, 30â50 km ja 50â65 km.
SAPPI:n Kirkniemen tehtaan lĂ€heisyydessĂ€ on hĂ€rkĂ€pavun viljelyalaa varsin paljon. Herneen ja hĂ€rkĂ€pavun sekĂ€ viherlannoitusnurmen ja laidunnurmien uusimisalat Kirkniemen tehtaalta olivat 573, 581, 1459 ja 947 ha maantie-etĂ€isyyksillĂ€ 0â20 km, 20â30 km, 30â50 km ja 50â65 km. Viljelyalat (ha) korkeintaan 50 km:n etĂ€isyydellĂ€ SAPPI:n Kirkniemen tehtaalta maantietĂ€ pitkin ovat: kevĂ€tviljat 28314 ha, herne ja hĂ€rkĂ€papu 1963 ha, viherlannoitusnurmi 335 ha, ja sĂ€ilörehunurmien ja laidunten uusimisala 2 333 ha
Functionality of spruce galactoglucomannans in oil-in-water emulsions
For a sustainable food chain, the demand for plant-based, functional, and cost-effective food hydrocolloids is on a high-rise. Hemicelluloses from the renewable lignocellulosic biomass are available in abundance from side-streams of the forestry industry to fulfill this demand. Their effective valorization requires a safe, economic extraction method that can be up-scaled to an industrial scale and, simultaneously, understanding of their functionality to develop applications. In this study, an aqueous-based extraction method, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) of spruce saw meal was used to obtain galactoglucomannans (GGM), "spruce gum". Ethanol precipitation was performed to remove non-polysaccharide extractives such as free phenolic compounds, and the emulsion component ratio-dependent interfacial saturation capacity of the remaining purified fraction was studied to understand its functionality. GGM resulted in good to excellent emulsification and stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions and exhibited adsorption at the oil droplet interface, which depended on the amount of oil and droplet size of emulsions. The adsorbed GGM content was determined by gas chromatography after acid methanolysis, and their macromolecular characteristics were studied by size-exclusion chromatography. At GGM to oil ratios 2, 1, and 0.4, stable emulsions with predicted several months of shelf life at room temperature were achieved. The results indicated mechanisms affecting the physical stabilization and breakdown of emulsions containing spruce gum, a novel sustainable hydrocolloid. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe
Sprouts and Needles of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as Nordic SpecialtyâConsumer Acceptance, Stability of Nutrients, and Bioactivities during Storage
Developing shoots, i.e., sprouts, and older needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) have traditionally been used for medicinal purposes due to the high content of vitamins and antioxidants. Currently, sprouts are available as, for example, superfood and supplements. However, end-product quality and nutritive value may decline in the value-chain from raw material sourcing to processing and storage. We studied (1) impacts of different drying and extraction methods on nutritional composition and antioxidative properties of sprouts and needles, (2) differences between sprouts and needles in nutritional composition and microbiological quality, and (3) production scale quality of the sprouts. Additionally, (4) sprout powder was applied in products (ice-cream and sorbet) and consumer acceptance was evaluated. According to our results, older needles have higher content of dry matter, energy, and calcium, but lower microbial quality than sprouts. Sprouts showed a higher concentration of vitamin C, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus than older needles. Freeze-drying was the best drying method preserving the quality of both sprouts and needles, e.g., vitamin C content. The antioxidative activity of the sprout extracts were lower than that of needles. Ethanol-water extraction resulted in a higher content of active compounds in the extract than water extraction. Sensory evaluation of food products revealed that on average, 76% of consumers considered sprout-containing products very good or good, and a creamy product was preferred over a water-based sorbet
Tannins of Conifer Bark as Nordic Piquancy-Sustainable Preservative and Aroma?
Bark of Norway spruce and Scots pine trees contain large amounts of condensed tannins. Tannins extracted with hot water could be used in different applications as they possess antioxidative and antimicrobial activities. The use of bark tannins as e.g., food preservatives calls for increases in our knowledge of their antioxidative activities when applied in foodstuffs. To assess the ability of bark tannins to prevent lipid oxidation, hot water extracts were evaluated in a liposome model. Isolated tannins were also applied in dry-cured, salty meat snacks either as liquid extracts or in dry-powder form. Consumer acceptance of the snacks was tested by a sensory evaluation panel where outlook, odor, taste, and structure of the snacks were evaluated and compared to a commercial product without tannin ingredients. Our results show that conifer bark tannin-rich extracts have high capacity to prevent lipid oxidation in the liposome model. The efficacies of pine and spruce bark extracts were ten to hundred folds higher, respectively, than those of phenolic berry extracts. The bark extracts did not significantly influence the odor or taste of the meat snacks. The findings indicate that bark extracts may be used as sustainable food ingredients. However, more research is needed to verify their safety.Peer reviewe
The Hydrophobicity of Lignocellulosic Fiber Network Can Be Enhanced with Suberin Fatty Acids
Suberin fatty acids were extracted from outer bark of Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) using an isopropanolic sodium hydroxide solution. Laboratory sheets composed of lignocellulosic fiber networks were prepared from unbleached and unrefined softwood kraft pulp and further impregnated with suberin fatty acid monomers and cured with maleic anhydride in ethanol solution. The treatment resulted in hydrophobic surfaces, in which the contact angles remained over 120 degrees during the entire measurement. The fiber network also retained its water vapor permeability and enhanced fiberâfiber bonding resulted in improved tensile strength of the sheets. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the curing agent, together with suberin fatty acids, was evenly distributed on the fiber surfaces and smoothing occurred over the wrinkled microfibrillar structure. High concentrations of the curing agent resulted in globular structures containing betulinol derivates as revealed with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Also, the larger amount of suberin fatty acid monomers slightly impaired the optical properties of sheets
The Hydrophobicity of Lignocellulosic Fiber Network Can Be Enhanced with Suberin Fatty Acids
Suberin fatty acids were extracted from outer bark of Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) using an isopropanolic sodium hydroxide solution. Laboratory sheets composed of lignocellulosic fiber networks were prepared from unbleached and unrefined softwood kraft pulp and further impregnated with suberin fatty acid monomers and cured with maleic anhydride in ethanol solution. The treatment resulted in hydrophobic surfaces, in which the contact angles remained over 120 degrees during the entire measurement. The fiber network also retained its water vapor permeability and enhanced fiberâfiber bonding resulted in improved tensile strength of the sheets. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the curing agent, together with suberin fatty acids, was evenly distributed on the fiber surfaces and smoothing occurred over the wrinkled microfibrillar structure. High concentrations of the curing agent resulted in globular structures containing betulinol derivates as revealed with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Also, the larger amount of suberin fatty acid monomers slightly impaired the optical properties of sheets
Lignans in Knotwood of Norway Spruce : Localisation with Soft X-ray Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
Lignans are bioactive compounds that are especially abundant in the Norway spruce (Picea abiesL. Karst.) knotwood. By combining a variety of chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques, we were able to quantify, qualify and localise the easily extractable lignans in the xylem tissue. The knotwood samples contained 15 different lignans according to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. They comprised 16% of the knotwood dry weight and 82% of the acetone extract. The main lignans were found to be hydroxymatairesinols HMR1 and HMR2. Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood were analysed with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). Cryosectioning was found to retain only lignan residues inside the cell lumina. In the resin-embedded samples, lignan was interpreted to be unevenly distributed inside the cell lumina, and partially confined in deposits which were either readily present in the lumina or formed when OsO(4)used in staining reacted with the lignans. Furthermore, the multi-technique characterisation enabled us to obtain information on the chemical composition of the structural components of knotwood. A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). The STXM analysis also indicated that a torus of a bordered pit contained aromatic compounds, possibly lignin.Peer reviewe
Strategy of Coniferous Needle Biorefinery into Value-Added Products to Implement Circular Bioeconomy Concepts in Forestry Side Stream Utilization
Sustainable development goals require a reduction in the existing heavy reliance on fossil resources. Forestry can be considered a key resource for the bioeconomy, providing timber, energy, chemicals (including fine chemicals), and various other products. Besides the main product, timber, forestry generates significant amounts of different biomass side streams. Considering the unique and highly complex chemical composition of coniferous needle/greenery biomass, biorefinery strategies can be considered as prospective possibilities to address top segments of the bio-based value pyramid, addressing coniferous biomass side streams as a source of diverse chemical substances with applications as the replacement of fossil material-based chemicals, building blocks, food, and feed and applications as fine chemicals. This study reviews biorefinery methods for coniferous tree forestry biomass side streams, exploring the production of value-added products. Additionally, it discusses the potential for developing further biorefinery strategies to obtain products with enhanced value
Chemical composition and bioactivity of hemp, reed canary grass and common reed grown on boreal marginal lands
Underutilised agricultural land and former peat production areas in northern Europe are potentially suitable for growing lignocellulosic biomass that could be used in various non-food applications. In this study, the biorefining process of Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass), Phragmites australis (common reed), and Cannabis sativa (oil and fibre hemp cultivars) was assessed based on their chemical composition and biological activity using various analytical techniques. Two-stage accelerated solvent extraction was used first with hexane, followed by EtOH/H2O (95/5, v/v) to extract the lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions of the samples collected during and after the growing season. Later, pressurised hot water extraction (PHWE) and two-stage extraction were performed to examine the biorefinery potential of aqueous extracts focusing on extraction efficiency, quality, and chemical composition of the plant materials. Combining two-stage and elevated extraction temperatures with PHWE resulted in high levels of total dissolved solids (TDS), carbohydrates, phenolics, and bioactivities. Data showed that TDS yielded over 400 mg gâ1 for summer oil hemp and approximately 300 mg gâ1 for reed canary grass and common reed. Summer-harvested plants had carbohydrate yields of 110â155 mg gâ1, while autumn yields were 40â60 mg gâ1 for hemp and 120â170 mg gâ1 for reed canary grass and common reed, respectively. The findings suggest that aboveground biomass from marginal lands holds potential as a valuable source of bioactive compounds for biorefinery feedstocks, thereby presenting new opportunities for sustainable biomass-based valorisation and future optimisation of two-stage extraction methods targeting hemicellulose-rich fractions
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