Haja-asutusalueen vesihuollon kehittäminen Lugan piirihallinnon alueella : case: Yaschera

Mikkelin ammattikorkeakoulu osallistuu ENPI CBC-ohjelman Clean Rivers to the Healthy Baltic Sea- hankkeeseen, joka toteutetaan vuosina 2012–2014 Energia ja ympäristötekniikan laitoksella. Yksi hankkeen keskeisiä tavoitteita on vähentää Itämeren ekologista tilaa huonontavaa ravinnekuormitusta. Hankkeen kohdealue on Leningradin alueella sijaitseva Lugan piirikunta. Mikkelin ammattikorkeakoulun eräs osatehtävä hankkeessa on Lugan piirikunnassa sijaitsevan Yascheran loma-asutusalueen jätevesihuoltojärjestelmän kehittämistarkastelu. Tämä opinnäytetyö palvelee kyseistä osatehtävää esiselvityksenä. Venäjän vesisektori on monelta osin huonossa kunnossa ja eritoten haja-asutusalueiden jätevesihuolto kaipaa kipeästi kehittämistä. Pulaa on sekä hyvälaatuisesta talousvedestä että riittävästä jätevesien käsittelytekniikassa. Lisäksi lainsäädäntö on monin osin valitettavan puutteellista. Venäjän vesisektorin kehittymisellä etenkin jäteveden käsittelyn osalta on merkittävä vaikutus Itämeren tilalle. Haja-asutusalueiden talousvesi saadaan pääasiassa omista kaivoista. Jätevedet puolestaan käsitellään useimmiten erilaisten kiinteistökohtaisten puhdistusjärjestelmien avulla. Suomessa on käytössä monenlaisia puhdistamoratkaisuja, jotka soveltuvat erilaisiin käyttökohteisiin. Puhdistamojärjestelmien riittävä puhdistusteho on erittäin tärkeää pyrittäessä vähentämään ja estämään vesistöjen rehevöitymistä. Myös jätevedenpuhdistuksessa syntyville lietteille sekä puhdistamokenttien maamassoille on tarpeen löytää oma käyttötarkoituksensa. Haja-asutusalueiden jätevedenkäsittely on ajankohtainen aihe, josta Suomessa on paljon kokemusta. Tätä kokemusta voidaan hyödyntää myös Venäjän kanssa tehtävässä lähialueyhteistyössä.Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences is participating in project “Clean waters to the Healthy Baltic Sea” funded by ENPI CBC-programme. Project is implemented in the Department of Energy and Environmental technology. One of the main aims of the project is to reduce nutrient load, which worsens the ecologic state of the Baltic Sea. The target area of the project is Luga district located in the Leningrad region. One of the partial tasks of Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences is to review the waste water treatment system of a recreational area located on the river bank of Yaschera-river. This thesis serves as a preliminary report of that task. The water sector in Russia is in poor condition in many ways and the sewage disposal systems in rural communities are aching for development. There is shortage of good quality domestic water as well as sufficient techniques for waste water treatment. Also the legislation is inadequate in many respects. The development of Russian water sector especially in the field of waste water treatment is a key factor in the improvement of ecological condition of Baltic sea. In the rural areas domestic water is mostly taken from own wells. Waste water is generally treated by individual treatment facilities. In Finland there is in use great variety of treatment facilities, which are suitable in different circumstances. The efficiency of treatment process is essential when the aim is to reduce and prevent eutrophication of waterways. It is also necessary to find suitable way to use the sludge and filtrating masses generated in waste water treatment process. Waste water treatment in rural areas is a burning issue in Finland. There is lot of experience of this topic in Finland, which is also very useful in cross border co-operation with Russia

Evolution of the ring current energy during May 2-4, 1998 magnetic storm

We study the evolution of the ring current energy density during May 2-4, 1998 storm event as measured by Polar CAMMICE/MICS instrument and modelled by proton tracing in the guiding center approximation. Particle data from Polar shows that during the storm main phase protons with medium energies (20-80 keV) contribute more to the total ring current energy than the high energy protons (80-200 keV) whereas during the recovery phase high energies dominate. We trace protons with arbitrary pitch angles numerically in the guiding center approximation taking into account charge-exchange losses. Tracing is performed in the large-scale and smaller-scale time-dependent magnetic and electric field models. We model the substorm activity by several electric field pulses at times of the substorm onsets. It is shown that impulsive electric fields associated with substorms are effective in the proton transport and energization to higher energies more than 100 keV in the storm time ring current

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of β2-Receptor Agonists Salbutamol and Terbutaline Are Mediated by MKP-1

Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) expression is induced by inflammatory factors, and it is an endogenous suppressor of inflammatory response. MKP-1 expression is increased by PDE4 inhibitor rolipram suggesting that it is regulated by cAMP-enhancing compounds. Therefore, we investigated the effect of β2-receptor agonists on MKP-1 expression and inflammatory response. We found that β2-receptor agonists salbutamol and terbutaline, as well as 8-Br-cAMP, increased MKP-1 expression. Salbutamol and terbutaline also inhibited p38 MAPK phosphorylation and TNF production in J774 mouse macrophages. Interestingly, salbutamol suppressed carrageenan-induced paw inflammation in wild-type mice, but the effect was attenuated in MKP-1(-/-) mice. In conclusion, these data show that β2-receptor agonists increase MKP-1 expression, which seems to mediate, at least partly, the observed anti-inflammatory effects of β2-receptor agonists.Public Library of Science open acces

Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1 Regulates Human Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression by p38 MAP Kinase

The role of dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in A549 human pulmonary epithelial cells, J774 mouse macrophages and primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) was investigated. iNOS expression was induced by a cytokine mixture (TNF, IFNγ and IL-1β) in A549 cells and by LPS in J774 cells, and it was inhibited by p38 MAPK inhibitors SB202190 and BIRB 796. Stimulation with cytokine mixture or LPS enhanced also DUSP1 expression. Down-regulation of DUSP1 by siRNA increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation and iNOS expression in A549 and J774 cells. In addition, LPS-induced iNOS expression was enhanced in BMMs from DUSP1(−/−) mice as compared to that in BMMs from wild-type mice. The results indicate that DUSP1 suppresses iNOS expression by limiting p38 MAPK activity in human and mouse cells. Compounds that enhance DUSP1 expression or modulate its function may be beneficial in diseases complicated with increased iNOS-mediated NO production

Both lean and fat body mass associate with blood pressure

High body mass index (BMI) is known to be associated with elevated blood pressure (BP). The present study aims to determine the relative importance of the two components of BMI, fat mass and lean body mass index, on BP levels.We assessed body composition with bioimpedance and performed 24 hour ambulatory BP measurements in 534 individuals (mean age 61 ± 3 years) who had no cardiovascular medication. Fat mass index and lean mass index were calculated analogously to BMI as fat mass or lean body mass (kg) divided by the square of height (m2).Both fat mass index and lean mass index showed a positive, small to moderate relationship with all 24 hour BP components independently of age, sex, smoking, and leisure-time physical activity. There were no interaction effects between fat mass index and lean mass index on the mean BP levels.Adult lean body mass is a significant determinant of BP levels with an equal, albeit small to moderate magnitude as fat mass. Relatively high amount of muscle mass may not be beneficial to cardiovascular health.</p

Younger postnatal age is associated with a lower heart rate on Holter monitoring during the first week of life

To evaluate heart rate (HR), the presence of extrasystoles and other Holter findings among healthy newborns, and to collect data for new normal limits for Holter parameters in newborns. For this cross-sectional study, 70 healthy term newborns were recruited to undergo 24-h Holter monitoring. Linear regression analysis was used in HR analyses. The age-specific limits for HRs were calculated using linear regression analysis coefficients and residuals. The mean (SD) age of the infants was 6.4 (1.7) days during the recording. Each consecutive day of age raised the minimum and mean HR by 3.8 beats per minute (bpm) (95% CI: 2.4, 5.2; PpublishedVersionPeer reviewe

Extrasystoles or short bradycardias of the newborn seldom require subsequent 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring

publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Human Heart Pulse Wave Responses Measured Simultaneously at Several Sensor Placements by Two MR-Compatible Fibre Optic Methods

This paper presents experimental measurements conducted using two noninvasive fibre optic methods for detecting heart pulse waves in the human body. Both methods can be used in conjunction with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For comparison, the paper also performs an MRI-compatible electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement. By the simultaneous use of different measurement methods, the propagation of pressure waves generated by each heart pulse can be sensed extensively in different areas of the human body and at different depths, for example, on the chest and forehead and at the fingertip. An accurate determination of a pulse wave allows calculating the pulse transit time (PTT) of a particular heart pulse in different parts of the human body. This result can then be used to estimate the pulse wave velocity of blood flow in different places. Both measurement methods are realized using magnetic resonance-compatible fibres, which makes the methods applicable to the MRI environment. One of the developed sensors is an extraordinary accelerometer sensor, while the other one is a more common sensor based on photoplethysmography. All measurements, involving several test patients, were performed both inside and outside an MRI room. Measurements inside the MRI room were conducted using a 3-Tesla strength closed MRI scanner in the Department of Diagnostic Radiology at the Oulu University Hospital