Hartmann's Philosophy Today (15 grudnia 2020)

Online symposium dedicated to Nicolai Hartmann's MemoryOnline symposium dedicated to Nicolai Hartmann's memorySympozjum online dedykowane pamięci Nicolaia Hartmann

Nicolai Hartmann’s Ethics. Feeling and Cognition of Values: Between Emotionalism and Rationalism

The purpose of this article is to identify the most important elements of Hartmann’s understanding of “feeling of value” and to point out the ambiguities associated with this notion. The most important stages in the formation of this concept are delineated by the publications: Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Erkenntnis, Ethik, Vom Wesen sittlicher Forderungen.[1] In all of these texts, Hartmann treats feeling of value as a proper way of knowing value, in relation to which philosophical cognition of value is only secondary and dependent. Hartmann’s understanding of feeling of value in ethics is, however, very broad, so that it somewhat loses the subtle divisions that were characteristic of the views of Max Scheler and Dietrich von Hildebrand. At the same time, however, Hartmann’s concept introduces several new elements that are important for the understanding of the nature of the feeling of value, such as, among others, the limited capacity of the axiological consciousness, the shifting horizon of values, or the relational reference of values to the person as the subject and addressee of an action and the reference to the situation in which a given action is taken. Moreover, to a greater extent than Scheler and von Hildebrand, Hartmann develops a field for the presence of rationalistic elements in the cognition of values.     The purpose of this article is to identify the most important emotional and nonemotional elements of Hartmann’s understanding of “feeling of value” and to point out the ambiguities associated with this notion. The most important stages in the formation of this concept are delineated by the publications: Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Erkenntnis, Ethik, Vom Wesen sittlicher Forderungen, and (in part) Zur Grundlegug der Ontologie. In all of these texts, Hartmann treats feeling of value as a proper way of knowing value, in relation to which philosophical cognition of value is only secondary and dependent. Hartmann’s understanding of feeling of value in ethics is, however, very broad, so that, to some extent, it loses the subtle divisions that were characteristic of the views of Max Scheler and Dietrich von Hildebrand. At the same time, however, Hartmann’s concept introduces several new elements that are important for the understanding of the nature of the feeling of value, such as, among others, the limited capacity of the axiological consciousness, the shifting horizon of values, or the relational reference of values to the person as the subject and addressee of an action and the reference to the situation in which a given action is taken. Moreover, to a greater extent than Scheler and von Hildebrand, Hartmann seems to develop a field for the presence of rational elements in the cognition of values. It is also characteristic of Har tmann’s conception to treat feeling of value – in a precise understanding – as part of the broader and more primary structure of the emotional-transcendent acts that constitute human existence in the world

Crisis of Values: a Critical Analysis

In this articlel, I examine some theoretical doubts about the crisis of values. Among other things, I consider the following issues: crisis of values versus crisis of value consciousness; crisis of values in general versus crisis of concrete values; negative and positive aspects of the crisis of values; and theoretical crises versus crises of practical life. The aim of the considerations is to clarify the terminology used in the theories of crisis and to answer the question as to whether we are currently experiencing a crisis of values.In this article, I examine some theoretical doubts about the crisis of values. Among other things, I consider the following issues: crisis of values versus crisis of value consciousness; crisis of values in general versus crisis of concrete values; negative and positive aspects of the crisis of values; and theoretical crises versus crises of practical life. The aim of the considerations is to clarify the terminology used in the theories of crisis and to answer the question as to whether we are currently experiencing a crisis of values

Notes on Hume’s Views in German Material Ethics of Values (from the History of Material Ethics of Values)

The subject of this study are relations between ideas developed in material ethics of values and ethical views formulated by David Hume. The problem under analysis encompasses two issues. The first issue has a reconstructive character, as it is designed to extract from the writings of phenomenologists some references or passages relating to Hume’s views. The second issue has a systematic character: the point here is to evaluate tentatively the validity of arguments advanced by individual philosophers.The subject of this study are relations between ideas developed in material ethics of values and ethical views formulated by David Hume. The problem under analysis encompasses two issues. The first issue has a reconstructive character, as it is designed to extract from the writings of phenomenologists some references or passages relating to Hume’s views. The second issue has a systematic character: the point here is to evaluate tentatively the validity of arguments advanced by individual philosophers

Jeszcze o potrzebie ujednolicenia terminologii onomastycznej

The aim of the article is to propose the preparation of a list of Polish onomastics terms, which will be published online. Reference is made here to many works that draw attention to the need to organize and unify Polish onomastic terminology. It presents current ideas for solving this important issue, e.g. the assumptions of the dictionary of onomastic terminology by Zofia Abramowicz and Leonarda Dacewicz. Based on the existing lists of onomastic terminology (Polish, Slavic, European), the Onomastic Section of the Committee on Linguistics of the Polish Academy of Sciences decided to join (on the basis of grant applications submitted first to KBN and then to NCN, according to the idea of Prof. Robert Mrózek) in the preparation of a well-structured (and if possible unified) list of terms used in the science of personal names. The starting point is the development of a set of maximum terms within individual onomastic subdisciplines, from which the entries to the list will be extracted and then defined, with quotations from onomastic studies certifying their use and maybe recommendations for use or not. The ideal would be to organize them in such a way that they form a coherent image: from the most general to the most detailed terms. Such action, also in cooperation with representatives of fields using onomastic terminology (historians, geographers, cartographers), will in effect contribute to the ordering of Polish, Slavic and international terminology.Celem artykułu jest propozycja przygotowania wykazu terminów polskiej onomastyki, który opublikowany będzie on-line. Nawiązuje się tu do wielu prac zwracających uwagę na konieczność uporządkowania i ujednolicenia polskiej terminologii onomastycznej. Przedstawia się dotychczasowe pomysły rozwiązania tej ważnej kwestii, np. założenia słownika terminologii onomastycznej Zofii Abramowicz i Leonardy Dacewicz. Opierając się na istniejących wykazach terminologii onomastycznej (polskiej, słowiańskiej, europejskiej), Sekcja Onomastyczna Komitetu Językoznawstwa PAN postanowiła przystąpić (na bazie składanych najpierw do KBN a potem NCN wniosków grantowych wedle pomysłu prof. Roberta Mrózka) do przygotowania uporządkowanego (i w miarę możliwości ujednoliconego) wykazu terminów używanych w nauce o nazwach własnych. Punktem wyjścia jest opracowanie zbioru maksimum terminów w obrębie poszczególnych subdyscyplin onomastyki, z którego wyodrębnione zostaną hasła do wykazu, a następnie zdefiniowane, opatrzone cytatami z opracowań onomastycznych poświadczającymi ich użycie oraz może zaleceniami użycia bądź nie. Ideałem byłoby uporządkowanie ich tak, by tworzyły spójny obraz: od terminów najogólniejszych ku szczegółowym. Takie działanie, również we współpracy z przedstawicielami dziedzin posługujących się terminologią onomastyczną (historykami, geografami, kartografami), przyczyni się w efekcie do uporządkowania polskiej, słowiańskiej i międzynarodowej terminologii

Egoizm. Thomas Hobbes i Kurt Baier

The article presents main dimensions of Hobbes’ egoism and confronts it with three interpretation of it. Five types of egoism distinguished by Kurt Baier are also presented: common-sense egoism, psychological egoism, egoism as a means to the common good, rational egoism and ethical egoism. I try to justify the opinion that egoism as a monistic standpoint is wrong and that self-interest motivation can be interpreted as a by-motivation only, so in the way which is different from egoism.Artykuł przedstawia główne wymiary Hobbesowskiego egoizmu, konfrontując je z trzema jego interpretacjami. Przedstawionych zostaje również pięć typów egoizmu wyróżnionych przez Kurta Baiera: egoizm zdroworozsądkowy, psychologiczny, egoizm jako środek optymalizacji, egoizm racjonalny oraz etyczny. Uzasadniam pogląd, że w pismach Hobbesa występuje egoizm racjonalny, etyczny oraz psychologiczny. Zarazem prezentuję stanowisko, że egoizm jako ujęcie monistyczne jest wadliwe, a motywacja własnym interesem może być zinterpretowana jako tylko motywacja uboczna, a więc w sposób różny od egoizmu

Tailoring population transfer between two hyperfine ground states of 87^{87}Rb

In this paper, we investigate the coherent control over a complex multilevel atomic system using the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. Based on the example of $^{87}$Rb atoms, excited with circularly polarized light at the D$_{1}$ line, we demonstrate the ability to decompose the system into three- and four-level subsystems independently interacting with light beams. Focusing on the four-level system, we demonstrate that the presence of an additional excited state significantly affects the dynamics of the system evolution. Specifically, it is shown that, through the appropriate tuning of the light beams, some of the transfer channels can be blocked, which leads to better control over the system. We also demonstrate that this effect is most significant in media free from inhomogeneous broadening (e.g., Doppler effect) and deteriorates if such broadening is present. For instance, the motion of atoms affects both the efficiency and selectivity of the transfer