Preschool for All: Plyler V. Doe in The Context of Early Childhood Education

In its 1982 opinion in Plyler v. Doe, the Supreme Court held that a state could not deny undocumented children living within its borders a public and free K-12 education. This Note argues that Plyler’s protections extend to publicly-funded early childhood education programs that serve children between the ages of three and five. Due to the broad support of researchers, educators, and the general public, early childhood education programs funded by local, state, and the federal governments have become an integral part of a comprehensive public education today. While these early childhood education programs are nominally open to all students who meet program-specific age, income, and geographic residency requirements, undocumented children and children of undocumented parents face a variety of indirect and direct barriers to entry that range from onerous and arbitrary identification requirements to attempted outright bans on enrollment based on immigration status. Taking a prophylactic approach, this Note details how denying access to public early childhood education programs to these young children contradicts the spirit and central holding of Plyler. In this era of judicial restraint and heightened xenophobia, the enduring precedent of Plyler offers an avenue for families, policymakers, and advocates to ensure that all children, regardless of their immigration status, can receive a comprehensive public education that includes early childhood education

Temperature Simulation and Heat Exchange in a Batch Reactor Using Ansys Fluent

Internal combustion (IC) engines are the main power source for on-road and off-road vehicles. Natural gas (NG) is a cleaner alternative for conventional petroleum-based fuels. A solution to avoid some of the issues associated with a gaseous fuel is to convert the methane in NG to a liquid fuel such as methanol. This thesis is part of a larger experimental and simulation effort at West Virginia University dedicated to the development of a direct methane-to-methanol conversion technology based on an innovative homogeneous catalysis and a novel reactor design. The goal was to support the experimental effort by using the simulation to design the strategies for heat addition and rejection in the reactor that would optimize the methane-to-methanol conversion rate while protecting the catalyst. The simulation was created in ANSYSRTM Academic Research Mechanical, Release 17.2, Fluent, using several assumptions regarding the working fluids properties or heat transfer. The study found that while the simulation can predict the phase change inside the reactor, it did not conserve reactor mass. This suggests that the default volume of fluid approach was not capable of heat and mass transfer through the phase interface. A user-defined function (UDF) is probably needed to solve this issue. The results also show that an optimum heater design would use both sides and bottom heaters, which would result in a more uniform heat input. Specifically, it was suggested to use three different heating units placed around the lateral walls of the reactor, with individual heat controls. This way, the heat flux to the reactor and interior reactor temperature can be properly controlled. An additional cooling coil can be incorporated to remove the heat produced during the synthesis process

The Consequences of Rising Suburban Poverty on the Housing Choice Voucher Program: A Study of Atlanta, Georgia

This study investigates the consequences of suburban poverty on meeting two primary goals of the HUD-administered housing choice voucher (HCV) program: to de-concentrate inner-city poverty and to extend greater access to opportunities that enable socioeconomic mobility. Recent studies have shown that housing choice vouchers have been spreading away from central cities into the suburbs. While promising, the quality of many of these suburban neighborhoods no longer aligns with the idealistic notions of suburban opportunity. This paper measures the quality of the neighborhoods in which voucher-occupied households are located. It then compares the quality of suburban and urban neighborhoods by using composite neighborhood quality and opportunity structure indices. The data confirm a decentralization of vouchers but highlight re-clustering in low-quality and opportunity-poor suburbs. Secondly, although suburban neighborhoods collectively are of higher quality, their opportunity structures are relatively weak. Furthermore, there is an inverse relationship between neighborhood quality and the proportion of voucher-occupied households regardless of racial makeup and metropolitan location. Atlanta’s public housing authorities need to engage in more intentional strategies to help families move to opportunity-rich neighborhoods and to work past existing barriers to geographic mobility. Future policy objectives need to encourage inter-municipality collaboration and to target federal and state aid for neighborhood development

ESAD: An Efficient Secure Authorized Data Deduplication On Hybrid Cloud Storage Architecture

Deduplication is capable at moreover the file level or the block level which do left with duplicate obstruct of data that take place in non-identical files. Data deduplication is a paying attention data firmness system to do absent with duplicate mock-up of says yet again data in storage. The scheme is used to dig up superior storage consumption and preserve as well be realistic to network files relocate to decline the total of bytes that should be fling. As a substitute of continuation multiple data replica with the equivalent contented, deduplication abolish excess data by observance barely one objective copy and referring additional obsolete information with the aim of replica

Mouse Idh3a Mutations Cause Retinal Degeneration and Reduced Mitochondrial Function

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is an enzyme required for the production of α-ketoglutarate from isocitrate. IDH3 generates the NADH used in the mitochondria for ATP production, and is a tetramer made up of two α, one β and one γ subunit. Loss-of-function and missense mutations in both IDH3A and IDH3B have previously been implicated in families exhibiting retinal degeneration. Using mouse models, we investigated the role of IDH3 in retinal disease and mitochondrial function. We identified mice with late-onset retinal degeneration in a screen of ageing mice carrying an ENU-induced mutation, E229K, in Idh3a Mice homozygous for this mutation exhibit signs of retinal stress, indicated by GFAP staining, as early as 3 months, but no other tissues appear to be affected. We produced a knockout of Idh3a and found that homozygous mice do not survive past early embryogenesis. Idh3a-/E229K compound heterozygous mutants exhibit a more severe retinal degeneration compared with Idh3aE229K/E229K homozygous mutants. Analysis of mitochondrial function in mutant cell lines highlighted a reduction in mitochondrial maximal respiration and reserve capacity levels in both Idh3aE229K/E229K and Idh3a-/E229K cells. Loss-of-function Idh3b mutants do not exhibit the same retinal degeneration phenotype, with no signs of retinal stress or reduction in mitochondrial respiration. It has previously been reported that the retina operates with a limited mitochondrial reserve capacity and we suggest that this, in combination with the reduced reserve capacity in mutants, explains the degenerative phenotype observed in Idh3a mutant mice.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper

Preschool for All: Plyler V. Doe in The Context of Early Childhood Education

In its 1982 opinion in Plyler v. Doe, the Supreme Court held that a state could not deny undocumented children living within its borders a public and free K-12 education. This Note argues that Plyler’s protections extend to publicly-funded early childhood education programs that serve children between the ages of three and five. Due to the broad support of researchers, educators, and the general public, early childhood education programs funded by local, state, and the federal governments have become an integral part of a comprehensive public education today. While these early childhood education programs are nominally open to all students who meet program-specific age, income, and geographic residency requirements, undocumented children and children of undocumented parents face a variety of indirect and direct barriers to entry that range from onerous and arbitrary identification requirements to attempted outright bans on enrollment based on immigration status. Taking a prophylactic approach, this Note details how denying access to public early childhood education programs to these young children contradicts the spirit and central holding of Plyler. In this era of judicial restraint and heightened xenophobia, the enduring precedent of Plyler offers an avenue for families, policymakers, and advocates to ensure that all children, regardless of their immigration status, can receive a comprehensive public education that includes early childhood education

Impact of adipose-derived stem cells on aortic tensile strength in a model of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Introduction: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) is a highly morbid condition and is the 11th leading cause of death in the United States. Treatment options are limited to operative interventions, with minimal non-operative options. Prior literature has demonstrated a benefit to the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in attenuating AAA formation. We demonstrate the utility of MSCs in treating AAA in swine, focusing on the mechanical and structural characteristics of aortic tissue after treatment. Methods: 16 Yorkshire pigs underwent retroperitoneal exposure of the infrarenal aorta, with subsequent induction of AAA with peri-adventitial elastase and collagenase. A 1 × 4 cm piece of Gelfoam, an absorbable gelatin-based hemostatic agent, was soaked in media or human MSCs and placed directly on the vessel for control and experimental animals. At postoperative day 21, animals were sacrificed and the infrarenal aorta at this location was harvested for analysis. Tensile strength was measured using a tensiometer, from which Young's modulus and maximum strain were calculated. Results: All animals survived the surgery and post-operative course. Young's elastic modulus for the aneurysm control group was 15.83 ± 1.61 compared to 22.13 ± 2.34 for the stem cell treated segment, p = 0.0316. There was no significant difference in the peak stress between groups. Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate the mechanical effects of stem cell therapy on a model of AAA in swine. Young's modulus, which characterizes the intrinsic capacity of a tissue to withstand stress, was greater in the animals treated with MSCs compared to control animals with aneurysms. This methodology can be utilized in future large animal models to develop cell and drug-based therapies for AAA

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND COMPREHENSIVE SURGICAL OUTCOMES OF THE SUTURELESS INTRASCLERAL FIXATION OF SECONDARY INTRAOCULAR LENSES IN HUMAN EYES.

PURPOSE: To describe surgical outcomes and structural characteristics of intraocular lenses (IOLs) implanted with transconjunctival sutureless intrascleral (SIS) fixation in human eyes. DESIGN: Retrospective interventional surgical case series involving live and cadaveric human eyes. METHODS: In this study, we investigated the surgical outcomes and structural anatomy of secondary IOLs implanted with the SIS technique in human eyes. All cases involving SIS IOL fixation performed at a single academic center from January 1, 2012, through July 30, 2016, were reviewed to describe the surgical technique, common indications, clinical outcomes, and the rate of common operative complications. To investigate the structure of SIS-fixated IOLs in vivo, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, ultrasound biomicroscopy, and intraoperative endoscopy were analyzed to describe anatomical outcomes. The primary anatomical outcomes were the optic pupillary centration and location of haptic externalization. Results were correlated with cadaveric human eyes that underwent the SIS-IOL technique. Cadaveric eyes were imaged and analyzed using high-resolution photography for centration, stress measurements at the haptic-optic junction, and qualitative descriptors of IOL optic and haptic position. RESULTS: A total of 122 consecutive patients who underwent IOL placement using SIS technique were included in the study with mean follow-up of 1.52 years (range, 0.4-4.5 years). The majority (75%) of patients received a new 3-piece IOL for primary aphakia or after IOL exchange. The other patients (25%) had a dislocated 3-piece IOL that was rescued using the SIS technique. Preoperative mean Snellen visual acuity was 20/633 (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution = 1.501). At the final visit, the mean best-corrected visual acuity was 20/83 (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution = 0.6243) and final mean spherical equivalent was -0.57 diopters. The most common complications were vitreous hemorrhage (22% of eyes), which resolved spontaneously in most cases, and cystoid macular edema. The rates of IOL dislocation, IOL decentration, haptic erosion, IOL tilting, iris capture, and endophthalmitis were low. Intraoperative endoscopy and ultrasound biomicroscopy demonstrated a securely fixated IOL and well-centered optic without iris or ciliary body touch. Structural study of cadaveric eyes confirmed IOL optic and haptic anatomy observed during live human surgery. The ab interno haptic insertion was the anterior pars plana, away from the iris, ciliary processes and ora serrata. The degree of haptic externalization was correlated with the degree of strain on the haptic-optic junction. The angle of the haptic-optic junction in SIS-fixated IOLs (33.97°) was not significantly different compared with overlaid native nonfixated IOL (32.93°) but increased slightly with degree of haptic tip externalization (36.26 and 39.16 for 2 and 3 mm haptic externalizations, respectively). CONCLUSION: In this comprehensive study, we demonstrate the surgical outcomes achieved with SIS fixation of IOLs. Surgical and postoperative complications do occur, albeit at a low rate, and can effectively be managed with excellent anatomical and visual outcomes. The structural and anatomical data in this study may help guide SIS placement and optimize long-term surgical results