Software-based image analysis in ophthalmology

Diabetes has been shown to lead to neuronal damage in the eye, specifically in the transparent front part of the eye, the cornea, and in the light sensitive layer in the inner part of the eye, the retina. Complications of type II Diabetes manifest themselves in these tissues as changes in the amount and structure of neural tissue. The amount of nerve tissue in the cornea and retina can be quantified by measuring the amount of nerves and the thickness of the neural layers in the cornea and retina, respectively. This quantification can nowadays be performed automatically. However, the automated methods that have been developed for this purpose have never been validated on large datasets and in many cases they have not been used outside of the group that developed the method. There is evidence that the neurodegenerative effects of Diabetes can already be detected at an early stage of the disease. This implies that measurements of neuronal damage, e.g. nerve quantity, could be used for early detection of type II Diabetes. Nerve quantity can be determined in the cornea using confocal microscopy (CCM), and in the retina using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Therefore there is potential for these two imaging techniques to be used as screening instruments for type II Diabetes. The Maastricht Study (DMS) is a large-scale epidemiological study focused on learning more about type II Diabetes, including the disease’s cause(s), complications and strategies for prevention. Amongst other measurements, confocal microscopy and OCT were included in the Maastricht Study. The purpose of the present project was to find out whether confocal microscopy and OCT can be used as screening tools for type II Diabetes, by analyzing the data of the Maastricht Study using automated image analysis software platforms. In order to achieve this goal, a framework had to be created to enable the analysis of the data, and in addition the automated analysis methods had to be validated. As part of this project, three automated analysis methods for corneal images as well as three automated analysis methods for retinal images were validated. Prior to validation the framework for each of these analysis methods was designed. In addition, the measurements themselves were validated by analyzing reproducibility data and performing measurement system analyses. Medium sized datasets (100-200 participants) were used to validate the analysis software platforms. Using the results generated by the different analysis methods, the differences between individuals with and without type II Diabetes were assessed. Finally, the results of the corneal and retinal measurements were combined in a basic multivariate analysis to find out whether combining the two techniques would provide additional value in predicting type II Diabetes. The results from both the cornea and retina analysis confirmed that there are indeed differences in the quantity of the nerve tissue of individuals with and without type II Diabetes. However, the differences are relatively small (up to 10% of the average), with greatly overlapping distributions for the healthy and type II Diabetes groups. When the results of the corneal and retinal analysis were combined into a multivariate analysis, the two groups became somewhat better distinguishable from each other, but still there is a large overlap between them. In addition, the measurement system analysis showed that the spread of individual measurements is very high compared to the difference between groups, which renders both techniques unsuitable to make definite statements about whether an individual has type II Diabetes or not. The main conclusion of the project therefore is that confocal microscopy of the cornea and OCT of the retina are not qualified to be used as screening instruments for type II Diabetes on an individual level. The techniques may still be of value for epidemiological research studying the effects of type II Diabetes on a group level. The validation of the automated corneal and retinal analysis method resulted in information on the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and in the end recommendations on which methods are most suitable for image analysis in an epidemiological framework were made

Een geschiedenis van de beenprothese

Een beenprothese is een kunstmatige vervanging van een echt been. De eerste bewijzen van het bestaan van protheses stammen uit de Oudheid en protheses hebben sindsdien allerlei ontwikkelingen doorgemaakt. Beenprotheses hebben door de tijd heen steeds beter de behoeften van geamputeerden vervuld. In de Oudheid en de Middeleeuwen waren houten benen (steltbenen) en krukken de enige opties voor geamputeerden. Het steltbeen voorzag in de simpelste functie van een been: ondersteuning. Vanaf de Renaissance kwamen er nieuwe ontwerpen voor beenprotheses, maar deze waren erg onpraktisch vanwege hun hoge gewicht en alleen betaalbaar voor de rijken. De zware protheses dienden vooral een cosmetisch doel. Er kon weliswaar niet mee gelopen worden, maar de prothese verborg wel de amputatie. In de 17e en 18e eeuw zette deze ontwikkeling zich voort, nieuwe protheses werden ontworpen voor de rijken, de armen bleven steltbenen gebruiken. De nieuwe beenprotheses werden steeds lichter en begonnen daardoor ook geschikt te worden voor praktisch gebruik. In de 19e eeuw werden er voor het eerst een aantal protheses ontwikkeld die een commercieel succes zouden worden. Ondertussen steeg de afzetmarkt voor protheses, omdat steeds meer mensen een amputatie overleefden door o.a. de ontwikkeling van antisepsis. Daarnaast ontstonden er financieringsregelingen voor mensen met een amputatie die een prothese nodig hadden. Hierdoor konden steeds meer mensen zich een goede prothese veroorloven. In de daarop volgende eeuw zorgden de twee Wereldoorlogen voor nog meer amputaties, wat de prothesemarkt verder stimuleerde. Er kwamen fabrieken die mechanisch protheseonderdelen gingen produceren. Technologische vooruitgang zorgde voor allerlei nieuwe productietechnieken, materialen en werkingsmechanismen in de prothese‐industrie. Alle ontwikkelingen uit het verleden hebben geresulteerd in een ruim keuzeaanbod in beenprotheses vandaag de dag. De keuze voor een prothese kan afhangen van de leeftijd, gezondheidstoestand en activiteitswensen van de geamputeerde. Het grote aantal prothesemogelijkheden zorgt ervoor, dat in de behoeften van iedere geamputeerde grotendeels voorzien kan worden. In de toekomst zullen beenprotheses steeds geavanceerder worden, zodat ze de functionaliteit van een echt been steeds dichter benaderen.

Software-based image analysis in ophthalmology

Diabetes has been shown to lead to neuronal damage in the eye, specifically in the transparent front part of the eye, the cornea, and in the light sensitive layer in the inner part of the eye, the retina. Complications of type II Diabetes manifest themselves in these tissues as changes in the amount and structure of neural tissue. The amount of nerve tissue in the cornea and retina can be quantified by measuring the amount of nerves and the thickness of the neural layers in the cornea and retina, respectively. This quantification can nowadays be performed automatically. However, the automated methods that have been developed for this purpose have never been validated on large datasets and in many cases they have not been used outside of the group that developed the method. There is evidence that the neurodegenerative effects of Diabetes can already be detected at an early stage of the disease. This implies that measurements of neuronal damage, e.g. nerve quantity, could be used for early detection of type II Diabetes.Nerve quantity can be determined in the cornea using confocal microscopy (CCM), and in the retina using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Therefore there is potential for these two imaging techniques to be used as screening instruments for type II Diabetes.The Maastricht Study (DMS) is a large-scale epidemiological study focused on learning more about type II Diabetes, including the disease’s cause(s), complications and strategies for prevention. Amongst other measurements, confocal microscopy and OCT were included in the Maastricht Study. The purpose of the present project was to find out whether confocal microscopy and OCT can be used as screening tools for type II Diabetes, by analyzing the data of the Maastricht Study using automated image analysis software platforms. In order to achieve this goal, a framework had to be created to enable the analysis of the data, and in addition the automated analysis methods had to be validated.As part of this project, three automated analysis methods for corneal images as well as three automated analysis methods for retinal images were validated. Prior to validation the framework for each of these analysis methods was designed. In addition, the measurements themselves were validated by analyzing reproducibility data and performing measurement system analyses. Medium sized datasets (100-200 participants) were used to validate the analysis software platforms. Using the results generated by the different analysis methods, the differences between individuals with and without type II Diabetes were assessed. Finally, the results of the corneal and retinal measurements were combined in a basic multivariate analysis to find out whether combining the two techniques would provide additional value in predicting type II Diabetes.The results from both the cornea and retina analysis confirmed that there are indeed differences in the quantity of the nerve tissue of individuals with and without type II Diabetes. However, the differences are relatively small (up to 10% of the average), with greatly overlapping distributions for the healthy and type II Diabetes groups. When the results of the corneal and retinal analysis were combined into a multivariate analysis, the two groups became somewhat better distinguishable from each other, but still there is a large overlap between them. In addition, the measurement system analysis showed that the spread of individual measurements is very high compared to the difference between groups, which renders both techniques unsuitable to make definite statements about whether an individual has type II Diabetes or not.The main conclusion of the project therefore is that confocal microscopy of the cornea and OCT of the retina are not qualified to be used as screening instruments for type II Diabetes on an individual level. The techniques may still be of value for epidemiological research studying the effects of type II Diabetes on a group level. The validation of the automated corneal and retinal analysis method resulted in information on the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and in the end recommendations on which methods are most suitable for image analysis in an epidemiological framework were made

Software-based image analysis in ophthalmology

Diabetes has been shown to lead to neuronal damage in the eye, specifically in the transparent front part of the eye, the cornea, and in the light sensitive layer in the inner part of the eye, the retina. Complications of type II Diabetes manifest themselves in these tissues as changes in the amount and structure of neural tissue. The amount of nerve tissue in the cornea and retina can be quantified by measuring the amount of nerves and the thickness of the neural layers in the cornea and retina, respectively. This quantification can nowadays be performed automatically. However, the automated methods that have been developed for this purpose have never been validated on large datasets and in many cases they have not been used outside of the group that developed the method. There is evidence that the neurodegenerative effects of Diabetes can already be detected at an early stage of the disease. This implies that measurements of neuronal damage, e.g. nerve quantity, could be used for early detection of type II Diabetes.Nerve quantity can be determined in the cornea using confocal microscopy (CCM), and in the retina using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Therefore there is potential for these two imaging techniques to be used as screening instruments for type II Diabetes.The Maastricht Study (DMS) is a large-scale epidemiological study focused on learning more about type II Diabetes, including the disease’s cause(s), complications and strategies for prevention. Amongst other measurements, confocal microscopy and OCT were included in the Maastricht Study. The purpose of the present project was to find out whether confocal microscopy and OCT can be used as screening tools for type II Diabetes, by analyzing the data of the Maastricht Study using automated image analysis software platforms. In order to achieve this goal, a framework had to be created to enable the analysis of the data, and in addition the automated analysis methods had to be validated.As part of this project, three automated analysis methods for corneal images as well as three automated analysis methods for retinal images were validated. Prior to validation the framework for each of these analysis methods was designed. In addition, the measurements themselves were validated by analyzing reproducibility data and performing measurement system analyses. Medium sized datasets (100-200 participants) were used to validate the analysis software platforms. Using the results generated by the different analysis methods, the differences between individuals with and without type II Diabetes were assessed. Finally, the results of the corneal and retinal measurements were combined in a basic multivariate analysis to find out whether combining the two techniques would provide additional value in predicting type II Diabetes.The results from both the cornea and retina analysis confirmed that there are indeed differences in the quantity of the nerve tissue of individuals with and without type II Diabetes. However, the differences are relatively small (up to 10% of the average), with greatly overlapping distributions for the healthy and type II Diabetes groups. When the results of the corneal and retinal analysis were combined into a multivariate analysis, the two groups became somewhat better distinguishable from each other, but still there is a large overlap between them. In addition, the measurement system analysis showed that the spread of individual measurements is very high compared to the difference between groups, which renders both techniques unsuitable to make definite statements about whether an individual has type II Diabetes or not.The main conclusion of the project therefore is that confocal microscopy of the cornea and OCT of the retina are not qualified to be used as screening instruments for type II Diabetes on an individual level. The techniques may still be of value for epidemiological research studying the effects of type II Diabetes on a group level. The validation of the automated corneal and retinal analysis method resulted in information on the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and in the end recommendations on which methods are most suitable for image analysis in an epidemiological framework were made

Influence of genes and environment on brain volumes in twin pairs concordant and discordant for bipolar disorder

Context: Structural neuroimaging studies suggest the presence of subtle abnormalities in the brains of patients with bipolar disorder. The influence of genetic and/or environmental factors on these brain abnormalities is unknown. Objective: To investigate the contribution of genetic and environmental factors on brain volume in bipolar disorder. Design: Magnetic resonance imaging (1.5 T) brain scans of monozygotic (MZ) or dizygotic (DZ) twins concordant and discordant for bipolar disorder were compared with healthy twin pairs. Setting: Subjects were recruited from the population, the Netherlands Twin Register, and the twin pair cohort at the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Participants: A total of 234 subjects including 50 affected twin pairs (9 MZ concordant; 15 MZ discordant; 4 DZ concordant; 22 DZ discordant) and 67 healthy twin pairs (39 MZ and 28 DZ) were included. Main Outcome Measures: Volumes of the intracranium, cerebrum, cerebellum, lateral and third ventricle, and gray and white matter from the cerebrum and frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, both with and without correction for lithium use. To estimate the influence of additive genetic, common, and unique environmental factors, structural equation modeling was applied. Results: Bipolar disorder was associated with a decrease in total cortical volume. Decreases in white matter were related to the genetic risk of developing bipolar disorder (bivariate heritability, 77%; 95% confidence interval, 38% to 100%). Significant environmental correlations were found for cortical gray matter. These relationships all became more pronounced when data were corrected for lithium use. Conclusions: Focusing on genes controlling white matter integrity may be a fruitful strategy in the quest to discover genes implicated in bipolar disorder. Elucidating the mechanism by which lithium attenuates brain matter loss may lead to the development of neuroprotective drugs. © 2009 American Medical Association. All rights reserved