TGF-β1 Regulates Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stem Cells Pool in Human Mammary Tumor Cells : Effect on Radiosensitivity

Ce travail s’inscrit dans la caractérisation des cellules radiorésistantes dans les cancers du sein, à l’origine des rechutes après traitement. Si de nombreuses données de la littérature indiquent un lien étroit entre la présence des « Cellules Souches Cancéreuses » (CSC) et la résistance aux traitements anticancéreux, la radiorésistance « intrinsèque » des CSC ainsi que les mécanismes impliqués restent encore mal définis.L’équipe du Dr. Weinberg a développé un modèle cellulaire in vitro permettant la génération de CSC mammaires humaines, « CD24-CD44+ », à la suite d’une transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (TEM) induite par une exposition au TGF-β1. Basée sur l’utilisation de cellules mammaires humaines saines qui ont été ensuite immortalisées puis transformées, ce modèle a permis d’approfondir la compréhension de nombreux processus tumoraux tels que la TEM.Ainsi, dans ce contexte, mon projet de thèse a consisté à utiliser ce modèle afin de comparer la radiosensibilité des cellules « CD24-CD44+ » à celle des cellules « CD24+CD44- ». Le choix du modèle repose sur le fait qu’il permet la comparaison de cellules à deux stades différents de la progression tumorale.Après un rappel des connaissances nécessaires à la compréhension de ce travail, le manuscrit présente dans un premier temps la caractérisation du modèle cellulaire utilisée puis la réponse à l’irradiation des cellules du modèle. L’étude de la réponse à l’irradiation a permis de décrire le phénotype de radiorésistance des cellules « CD24-CD44+ » à travers un faible blocage en G2/M, une faible proportion de cellules polyploïdes ainsi qu’une capacité accrue à donner une descendance après irradiation (10 Gy).Ensuite, l’implication des mécanismes de mort apoptotique des cellules « CD24-CD44+ » dans le phénotype de radiorésistance a été montré. Ainsi, la mort cellulaire réduite retrouvée dans les « CD24-CD44+ » est liée à une plus faible activation des voies apoptotiques.Dans un dernier temps, l’identification d’une signature transcriptionnelle de gènes de détoxification lors de la caractérisation des cellules de notre modèle a permis de mettre en évidence la modulation radioinduite de deux de ces gènes, SOD2 et HMOX1, après stress radioinduit dans les cellules « CD24-CD44+ ».This works aims at characterizing radioresistant cells within human breast cancer development that is responsible for treatment failure and cancer recurrences. Although the literature is flourishing with papers tightly linking the presence of "Cancer Stem Cells" to cancer treatment resistance, the intrinsic radioresistance of those "CSC" and the mechanism involved have yet to be established.Dr. Weinberg and his team have developed an in vitro cell model that produces mammary tumor cells noted « CD24-CD44+ » after an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by TGF-β1. This model is based on healthy human mammary cells that have been immortalized and transformed.Within this context, my Ph.D. project has focused on using this new model in order to compare the radiosensibility of two cell lines: the « CD24-CD44+ » cells and the « CD24+CD44- » one. Underlying this choice is the fact this model allows for a comparison of two cellular populations at distinct stage of the tumor’s development.This work has shed light on apoptotic and detoxification mechanism involved in the radio resistant behavior of the « CD24-CD44+ » cells. After a brief introduction of key concepts required to the understanding of this work, this manuscript will begin by presenting the characterization of the chosen model, then a study of the radiation response that enabled a first description of the « CD24-CD44+ » cell radioresistant phenotype through a mild stop at the G2/M stage of the cell cycle, the presence of polypoid cells and a high progeny generation ability after exposure to radiation.Furthermore, this works shows implications of apoptotic mechanism of « CD24-CD44+ » cells with a radioresistance phenotype. Hence, we were able to show that reduced cell death observed for the « CD24-CD44+ » cells is linked to a lower activation of apoptotic pathways.Finally, the last part will present detoxification mechanism involved in « CD24-CD44+ » radioresistance phenotype, showing an altered transcriptional signature of two detoxication genes SOD2 and HMOX1 after exposure to radiation

Numb is required to prevent p53-dependent senescence following skeletal muscle injury

International audienceRegeneration relies on coordinated action of multiple cell types to reconstitute the damaged tissue. Here we inactivate the endocytic adaptor protein Numb in skeletal muscle stem cells prior to chronic or severe muscle injury in mice. We observe two types of senescence in regenerating muscle; a transient senescence in non-myogenic cells of control and Numb mutant mice that partly depends on INK4a/ARF activity, and a persistent senescence in myogenic cells lacking Numb. The senescence levels of Numb-deficient muscle is reduced to wild type levels by an anti-oxidant treatment or p53 ablation, resulting in functional rescue of the regenerative potential in Numb mutants. Ex vivo experiments suggest that Numb-deficient senescent cells recruit macrophages to sustain inflammation and drive fibrosis, two hallmarks of the impaired muscle regeneration in Numb mutants. These findings provide insights into previously reported developmental and oncogenic senescence that are also differentially regulated by p53

Embryonic founders of adult muscle stem cells are primed by the determination gene Mrf4

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Breast cancer stem cell-like cells generated during TGFβ-induced EMT are radioresistant

International audienceFailure of conventional antitumor therapy is commonly associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are often defined as inherently resistant to radiation and chemotherapeutic agents. However, controversy about the mechanisms involved in the radiation response remains and the inherent intrinsic radioresistance of CSCs has also been questioned. These discrepancies observed in the literature are strongly associated with the cell models used. In order to clarify these contradictory observations, we studied the radiosensitivity of breast CSCs using purified CD24−/low/CD44+ CSCs and their corresponding CD24+/CD44low non-stem cells. These cells were generated after induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells (HMLE). Consequently, these 2 cellular subpopulations have an identical genetic background, their differences being related exclusively to TGFβ-induced cell reprogramming. We showed that mesenchymal CD24−/low/CD44+ CSCs are more resistant to radiation compared with CD24+/CD44low parental cells. Cell cycle distribution and free radical scavengers, but not DNA repair efficiency, appeared to be intrinsic determinants of cellular radiosensitivity. Finally, for the first time, we showed that reduced radiation-induced activation of the death receptor pathways (FasL, TRAIL and TNF-α) at the transcriptional level was a key causal event in the radioresistance of CD24−/low/CD44+ cells acquired during EMT