Expression of the RNA helicase DDX3 and the hypoxia response in breast cancer

<p>Aims: DDX3 is an RNA helicase that has antiapoptotic properties, and promotes proliferation and transformation. In addition, DDX3 was shown to be a direct downstream target of HIF-1α (the master regulatory of the hypoxia response) in breast cancer cell lines. However, the relation between DDX3 and hypoxia has not been addressed in human tumors. In this paper, we studied the relation between DDX3 and the hypoxic responsive proteins in human breast cancer.</p> <p>Methods and Results: DDX3 expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry in breast cancer in comparison with hypoxia related proteins HIF-1α, GLUT1, CAIX, EGFR, HER2, Akt1, FOXO4, p53, ERα, COMMD1, FER kinase, PIN1, E-cadherin, p21, p27, Transferrin receptor, FOXO3A, c-Met and Notch1. DDX3 was overexpressed in 127 of 366 breast cancer patients, and was correlated with overexpression of HIF-1α and its downstream genes CAIX and GLUT1. Moreover, DDX3 expression correlated with hypoxia-related proteins EGFR, HER2, FOXO4, ERα and c-Met in a HIF-1α dependent fashion, and with COMMD1, FER kinase, Akt1, E-cadherin, TfR and FOXO3A independent of HIF-1α.</p> <p>Conclusions: In invasive breast cancer, expression of DDX3 was correlated with overexpression of HIF-1α and many other hypoxia related proteins, pointing to a distinct role for DDX3 under hypoxic conditions and supporting the oncogenic role of DDX3 which could have clinical implication for current development of DDX3 inhibitors.</p&gt

Важливе історико-географічне дослідження

Рец. на кн. Темушева В.Н. "Гомельская земля в конце XV первой половине XVI в. Территориальные трансформации в пограничном регионе". — М.: "Квадрига", 2009. — 190 с.Review of the book: Temushev V.N. "Gomel Land in the Late 15th — the 1st half of the 16th Centuries. Territorial Transformations in the Frontier Area". — Moscow: "Kvadriga", 2009. — 190 p

ZrCl<SUB>4</SUB> as a new and efficient catalyst for the opening of epoxide rings by amines

Zirconium(IV) chloride catalyses the nucleophilic opening of epoxide rings by amines leading to the efficient synthesis of β-amino alcohols. The reaction works well with aromatic and aliphatic amines in short times at room temperature in the absence of solvent. Exclusive trans stereoselectivity is observed for cyclic epoxides. Aromatic amines exhibit excellent regioselectivity for preferential nucleophilic attack at the sterically less hindered position during the reaction with unsymmetrical epoxides. However, in case of styrene oxide, selective formation of the benzylic amine was observed during the reactions with aromatic amines

Lithium bromide, an inexpensive and efficient catalyst for opening of epoxide rings by amines at room temperature under solvent-free condition

Lithium bromide has been found to be an inexpensive and efficient catalyst for the opening of epoxide rings by amines, and this provides an environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of β-amino alcohols. Aromatic and aliphatic amines react with cycloalkene oxides to exclusively form trans-2-(aryl/alkylamino)cycloalkanols in high yields. A 98−100% selectivity in favour of nucleophilic attack at the benzylic carbon atom of styrene oxide is observed with aromatic amines. However, aliphatic amines exhibit a marginal preference for the reaction at the terminal carbon atom of the epoxide ring in styrene oxide. Non-styrenoidal, unsymmetrical alkene oxides undergo selective nucleophilic attack at the sterically less hindered carbon atom by aniline. The chelation effect of the Li+ ion enables selective opening of the epoxide ring in 3-phenoxypropylene oxide in the presence of styrene oxide

An efficient synthesis of 2-amino alcohols by silica gel catalysed opening of epoxide rings by amines

Silica gel (60–120 mesh) efficiently catalyses the opening of epoxides by amines at rt under solvent-free conditions. Non-styrenoidal unsymmetrical alkene oxides undergo selective nucleophilic attack at the sterically less hindered carbon by aniline. A complementary regioselectivity is exhibited by aromatic and aliphatic amines during the reaction with styrene oxide

An efficient acid- and metal-free one-pot synthesis of benzothiazoles from carboxylic acids

Carboxylic acids are converted to benzothiazoles in a one-pot reaction with thionyl chloride followed by treatment with 2-aminothiophenol under acid- and catalyst-free conditions

Scope and limitations of montmorillonite K 10 catalysed opening of epoxide rings by amines

Montmorillonite K 10 efficiently catalyses the opening of epoxide rings by amines in high yields with excellent regio- and diastereo-selectivities under solvent-free conditions at room temperature affording an improved process for synthesis of 2-amino alcohols. Reaction of cyclohexene oxide with aryl/alkyl amines leads to the formation of trans-2-aryl/alkylaminocyclohexanols. For unsymmetrical epoxides, the regioselectivity is controlled by the electronic and steric factors associated with the epoxide and the amine. Selective nucleophilic attack at the benzylic carbon of styrene oxide takes place with aromatic amines, whereas, aliphatic amines exhibit preferential nucleophilic attack at the terminal carbon. Aniline reacts selectively at the less hindered carbon of other unsymmetrical epoxides. The difference in the internal strain energy of the epoxide ring in cycloalkene oxides and alkene oxides led to selective nucleophilic opening of cyclohexene oxide by aniline in the presence of styrene oxide. Due to the chelation effect, selective activation of the epoxide ring in 3-phenoxy propylene oxide takes place in the presence of styrene oxide leading to preferential cleavage of the epoxide ring in 3-phenoxy propylene oxide by aniline