Data integration with the Climate Science Modelling Language

The Climate Science Modelling Language (CSML) has been developed by the NERC DataGrid (NDG) project as a standards-based data model and XML markup for describing and constructing climate science datasets. It uses conceptual models from emerging standards in GIS to define a number of feature types, and adopts schemas of the Geography Markup Language (GML) where possible for encoding. A prototype deployment of CSML is being trialled across the curated archives of the British Atmospheric and Oceanographic Data Centres. These data include a wide range of data types – both observational and model – and heterogeneous file-based storage systems. CSML provides a semantic abstraction layer for data files, and is exposed through higher level data delivery services. In NDG these will include file instantiation services (for formats of choice) and the web services of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)

Screening of DUB activity and specificity by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

Deubiquitylases (DUBs) are key regulators of the ubiquitin system which cleave ubiquitin moieties from proteins and polyubiquitin chains. Several DUBs have been implicated in various diseases and are attractive drug targets. We have developed a sensitive and fast assay to quantify in vitro DUB enzyme activity using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Unlike other current assays, this method uses unmodified substrates, such as diubiquitin topoisomers. By analyzing 42 human DUBs against all diubiquitin topoisomers we provide an extensive characterization of DUB activity and specificity. Our results confirm the high specificity of many members of the OTU and JAMM DUB families and highlight that all USPs tested display low linkage selectivity. We also demonstrate that this assay can be deployed to assess the potency and specificity of DUB inhibitors by profiling 11 compounds against a panel of 32 DUBs

The pharmacological regulation of cellular mitophagy

Small molecules are pharmacological tools of considerable value for dissecting complex biological processes and identifying potential therapeutic interventions. Recently, the cellular quality-control process of mitophagy has attracted considerable research interest; however, the limited availability of suitable chemical probes has restricted our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved. Current approaches to initiate mitophagy include acute dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) by mitochondrial uncouplers (for example, FCCP/CCCP) and the use of antimycin A and oligomycin to impair respiration. Both approaches impair mitochondrial homeostasis and therefore limit the scope for dissection of subtle, bioenergy-related regulatory phenomena. Recently, novel mitophagy activators acting independently of the respiration collapse have been reported, offering new opportunities to understand the process and potential for therapeutic exploitation. We have summarized the current status of mitophagy modulators and analyzed the available chemical tools, commenting on their advantages, limitations and current applications

RBR ligase–mediated ubiquitin transfer: a tale with many twists and turns

RBR ligases are an enigmatic class of E3 ubiquitin ligases that combine properties of RING and HECT-type E3s and undergo multilevel regulation through autoinhibition, post-translational modifications, multimerization and interaction with binding partners. Here, we summarize recent progress in RBR structures and function, which has uncovered commonalities in the mechanisms by which different family members transfer ubiquitin through a multistep process. However, these studies have also highlighted clear differences in the activity of different family members, suggesting that each RBR ligase has evolved specific properties to fit the biological process it regulates

Overexpression of Human and Fly Frataxins in Drosophila Provokes Deleterious Effects at Biochemical, Physiological and Developmental Levels

10 pages, 5 figures. 21779322[PubMed] PMCID: PMC3136927BACKGROUND: Friedreich's ataxia (FA), the most frequent form of inherited ataxias in the Caucasian population, is caused by a reduced expression of frataxin, a highly conserved protein. Model organisms have contributed greatly in the efforts to decipher the function of frataxin; however, the precise function of this protein remains elusive. Overexpression studies are a useful approach to investigate the mechanistic actions of frataxin; however, the existing literature reports contradictory results. To further investigate the effect of frataxin overexpression, we analyzed the consequences of overexpressing human (FXN) and fly (FH) frataxins in Drosophila. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We obtained transgenic flies that overexpressed human or fly frataxins in a general pattern and in different tissues using the UAS-GAL4 system. For both frataxins, we observed deleterious effects at the biochemical, histological and behavioral levels. Oxidative stress is a relevant factor in the frataxin overexpression phenotypes. Systemic frataxin overexpression reduces Drosophila viability and impairs the normal embryonic development of muscle and the peripheral nervous system. A reduction in the level of aconitase activity and a decrease in the level of NDUF3 were also observed in the transgenic flies that overexpressed frataxin. Frataxin overexpression in the nervous system reduces life span, impairs locomotor ability and causes brain degeneration. Frataxin aggregation and a misfolding of this protein have been shown not to be the mechanism that is responsible for the phenotypes that have been observed. Nevertheless, the expression of human frataxin rescues the aconitase activity in the fh knockdown mutant. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results provide in vivo evidence of a functional equivalence for human and fly frataxins and indicate that the control of frataxin expression is important for treatments that aim to increase frataxin levels.This work was supported by grants from Fondo Investigaciones Sanitarias (ISCIII06- PI0677) and La Fundació la Marató TV3 (exp 101932) of Spain. JVL is supported by the European Friedreich's Ataxia Consortium for Translational Studies. SS is a recipient of a fellowship from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain.Peer reviewe

Structural insights into the catalysis and regulation of E3 ubiquitin ligases

Covalent attachment (conjugation) of one or more ubiquitin molecules to protein substrates governs numerous eukaryotic cellular processes, including apoptosis, cell division and immune responses. Ubiquitylation was originally associated with protein degradation, but it is now clear that ubiquitylation also mediates processes such as protein–protein interactions and cell signalling depending on the type of ubiquitin conjugation. Ubiquitin ligases (E3s) catalyse the final step of ubiquitin conjugation by transferring ubiquitin from ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) to substrates. In humans, more than 600 E3s contribute to determining the fates of thousands of substrates; hence, E3s need to be tightly regulated to ensure accurate substrate ubiquitylation. Recent findings illustrate how E3s function on a structural level and how they coordinate with E2s and substrates to meticulously conjugate ubiquitin. Insights regarding the mechanisms of E3 regulation, including structural aspects of their autoinhibition and activation are also emerging

Potassium and Sodium Transport in Yeast

[EN] As the proper maintenance of intracellular potassium and sodium concentrations is vital for cell growth, all living organisms have developed a cohort of strategies to maintain proper monovalent cation homeostasis. In the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, potassium is accumulated to relatively high concentrations and is required for many aspects of cellular function, whereas high intracellular sodium/potassium ratios are detrimental to cell growth and survival. The fact that S. cerevisiae cells can grow in the presence of a broad range of concentrations of external potassium (10 M–2.5 M) and sodium (up to 1.5 M) indicates the existence of robust mechanisms that have evolved to maintain intracellular concentrations of these cations within appropriate limits. In this review, current knowledge regarding potassium and sodium transporters and their regulation will be summarized. The cellular responses to high sodium and potassium and potassium starvation will also be discussed, as well as applications of this knowledge to diverse fields, including antifungal treatments, bioethanol production and human disease.L.Y. is funded by grant BFU2011-30197-C03-03 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Madrid, Spain) and EUI2009-04147 [Systems Biology of Microorganisms (SysMo2) European Research Area-Network (ERA-NET)].Yenush, L. (2016). Potassium and Sodium Transport in Yeast. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 892:187-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25304-6_8S187228892Ahmed A, Sesti F, Ilan N, Shih TM, Sturley SL et al (1999) A molecular target for viral killer toxin: TOK1 potassium channels. Cell 99:283–291Albert A, Yenush L, Gil-Mascarell MR, Rodriguez PL, Patel S et al (2000) X-ray structure of yeast Hal2p, a major target of lithium and sodium toxicity, and identification of framework interactions determining cation sensitivity. J Mol Biol 295:927–938Albertyn J, Hohmann S, Thevelein JM, Prior BA (1994) GPD1, which encodes glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, is essential for growth under osmotic stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and its expression is regulated by the high-osmolarity glycerol response pathway. Mol Cell Biol 14:4135–4144Alepuz PM, Cunningham KW, Estruch F (1997) Glucose repression affects ion homeostasis in yeast through the regulation of the stress-activated ENA1 gene. Mol Microbiol 26:91–98Ali R, Brett CL, Mukherjee S, Rao R (2004) Inhibition of sodium/proton exchange by a Rab-GTPase-activating protein regulates endosomal traffic in yeast. J Biol Chem 279:4498–4506Alijo R, Ramos J (1993) Several routes of activation of the potassium uptake system of yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta 1179:224–228Anderson JA, Huprikar SS, Kochian LV, Lucas WJ, Gaber RF (1992) Functional expression of a probable Arabidopsis thaliana potassium channel in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:3736–3740Anderson JA, Nakamura RL, Gaber RF (1994) Heterologous expression of K+ channels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: strategies for molecular analysis of structure and function. Symp Soc Exp Biol 48:85–97André B, Scherens B (1995) The yeast YBR235w gene encodes a homolog of the mammalian electroneutral Na(+)-(K+)-C1- cotransporter family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 217:150–153Andrés MT, Viejo-Díaz M, Fierro JF (2008) Human lactoferrin induces apoptosis-like cell death in Candida albicans: critical role of K+-channel-mediated K+ efflux. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:4081–4088Anemaet IG, van Heusden GP (2014) Transcriptional response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to potassium starvation. BMC Genomics 15:1040Arino J, Ramos J, Sychrova H (2010) Alkali metal cation transport and homeostasis in yeasts. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 74:95–120Babazadeh R, Furukawa T, Hohmann S, Furukawa K (2014) Rewiring yeast osmostress signalling through the MAPK network reveals essential and non-essential roles of Hog1 in osmoadaptation. Sci Rep 4:4697Baev D, Rivetta A, Li XS, Vylkova S, Bashi E et al (2003) Killing of Candida albicans by human salivary histatin 5 is modulated, but not determined, by the potassium channel TOK1. Infect Immun 71:3251–3260Baev D, Rivetta A, Vylkova S, Sun JN, Zeng GF et al (2004) The TRK1 potassium transporter is the critical effector for killing of Candida albicans by the cationic protein, Histatin 5. J Biol Chem 279:55060–55072Bagriantsev SN, Ang KH, Gallardo-Godoy A, Clark KA, Arkin MR et al (2013) A high-throughput functional screen identifies small molecule regulators of temperature- and mechano-sensitive K2P channels. ACS Chem Biol 8:1841–1851Bañuelos MA, Sychrová H, Bleykasten-Grosshans C, Souciet JL, Potier S (1998) The Nha1 antiporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mediates sodium and potassium efflux. Microbiology 144(Pt 10):2749–2758Bañuelos MA, Ruiz MC, Jiménez A, Souciet JL, Potier S et al (2002) Role of the Nha1 antiporter in regulating K(+) influx in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 19:9–15Barnett JA (2008) A history of research on yeasts 13. Active transport and the uptake of various metabolites. Yeast 25:689–731Barreto L, Canadell D, Petrezselyova S, Navarrete C, Maresova L et al (2011) A genomewide screen for tolerance to cationic drugs reveals genes important for potassium homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot Cell 10:1241–1250Barreto L, Canadell D, Valverde-Saubí D, Casamayor A, Ariño J (2012) The short-term response of yeast to potassium starvation. Environ Microbiol 14:3026–3042Benito B, Moreno E, Lagunas R (1991) Half-life of the plasma membrane ATPase and its activating system in resting yeast cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1063:265–268Benito B, Quintero FJ, Rodríguez-Navarro A (1997) Overexpression of the sodium ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: conditions for phosphorylation from ATP and Pi. Biochim Biophys Acta 1328:214–226Benito B, Garciadeblás B, Rodríguez-Navarro A (2002) Potassium- or sodium-efflux ATPase, a key enzyme in the evolution of fungi. Microbiology 148:933–941Benito B, Garciadeblás B, Schreier P, Rodríguez-Navarro A (2004) Novel p-type ATPases mediate high-affinity potassium or sodium uptake in fungi. Eukaryot Cell 3:359–368Bernardi P (1999) Mitochondrial transport of cations: channels, exchangers, and permeability transition. Physiol Rev 79:1127–1155Bertl A, Slayman CL, Gradmann D (1993) Gating and conductance in an outward-rectifying K+ channel from the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Membr Biol 132:183–199Bertl A, Bihler H, Reid JD, Kettner C, Slayman CL (1998) Physiological characterization of the yeast plasma membrane outward rectifying K+ channel, DUK1 (TOK1), in situ. J Membr Biol 162:67–80Bertl A, Ramos J, Ludwig J, Lichtenberg-Fraté H, Reid J et al (2003) Characterization of potassium transport in wild-type and isogenic yeast strains carrying all combinations of trk1, trk2 and tok1 null mutations. Mol Microbiol 47:767–780Bihler H, Slayman CL, Bertl A (1998) NSC1: a novel high-current inward rectifier for cations in the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 432:59–64Bihler H, Slayman CL, Bertl A (2002) Low-affinity potassium uptake by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by NSC1, a calcium-blocked non-specific cation channel. Biochim Biophys Acta 1558:109–118Blomberg A (1995) Global changes in protein synthesis during adaptation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to 0.7 M NaCl. J Bacteriol 177:3563–3572Blomberg A (2000) Metabolic surprises in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during adaptation to saline conditions: questions, some answers and a model. FEMS Microbiol Lett 182:1–8Borst-Pauwels GW (1981) Ion transport in yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta 650:88–127Botstein D, Fink GR (2011) Yeast: an experimental organism for 21st Century biology. Genetics 189:695–704Bouillet LE, Cardoso AS, Perovano E, Pereira RR, Ribeiro EM et al (2012) The involvement of calcium carriers and of the vacuole in the glucose-induced calcium signaling and activation of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Cell Calcium 51:72–81Bowers K, Levi BP, Patel FI, Stevens TH (2000) The sodium/proton exchanger Nhx1p is required for endosomal protein trafficking in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 11:4277–4294Breinig F, Tipper DJ, Schmitt MJ (2002) Kre1p, the plasma membrane receptor for the yeast K1 viral toxin. Cell 108:395–405Brett CL, Tukaye DN, Mukherjee S, Rao R (2005) The yeast endosomal Na+K+/H+ exchanger Nhx1 regulates cellular pH to control vesicle trafficking. Mol Biol Cell 16:1396–1405Cagnac O, Leterrier M, Yeager M, Blumwald E (2007) Identification and characterization of Vnx1p, a novel type of vacuolar monovalent cation/H+ antiporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 282:24284–24293Cagnac O, Aranda-Sicilia MN, Leterrier M, Rodriguez-Rosales MP, Venema K (2010) Vacuolar cation/H+ antiporters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 285:33914–33922Calahorra M, Lozano C, Sánchez NS, Peña A (2011) Ketoconazole and miconazole alter potassium homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta 1808:433–445Canadell D, González A, Casado C, Ariño J (2015) Functional interactions between potassium and phosphate homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 95:555–572Casado C, Yenush L, Melero C, del Carmen Ruiz M, Serrano R et al (2010) Regulation of Trk-dependent potassium transport by the calcineurin pathway involves the Hal5 kinase. FEBS Lett 584:2415–2420Causton HC, Ren B, Koh SS, Harbison CT, Kanin E et al (2001) Remodeling of yeast genome expression in response to environmental changes. Mol Biol Cell 12:323–337Clotet J, Posas F (2007) Control of cell cycle in response to osmostress: lessons from yeast. Methods Enzymol 428:63–76Cornet M, Gaillardin C (2014) pH signaling in human fungal pathogens: a new target for antifungal strategies. Eukaryot Cell 13:342–352Courchesne WE (2002) Characterization of a novel, broad-based fungicidal activity for the antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 300:195–199Courchesne WE, Ozturk S (2003) Amiodarone induces a caffeine-inhibited, MID1-dependent rise in free cytoplasmic calcium in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 47:223–234Crespo JL, Daicho K, Ushimaru T, Hall MN (2001) The GATA transcription factors GLN3 and GAT1 link TOR to salt stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 276:34441–34444Cunningham KW, Fink GR (1996) Calcineurin inhibits VCX1-dependent H+/Ca2+ exchange and induces Ca2+ ATPases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 16:2226–2237Curto M, Valledor L, Navarrete C, Gutiérrez D, Sychrova H et al (2010) 2-DE based proteomic analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wild and K+ transport-affected mutant (trk1,2) strains at the growth exponential and stationary phases. J Proteomics 73:2316–2335D’Avanzo N, Cheng WW, Xia X, Dong L, Savitsky P et al (2010) Expression and purification of recombinant human inward rectifier K+ (KCNJ) channels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein Expr Purif 71:115–121Daran-Lapujade P, Daran JM, Luttik MA, Almering MJ, Pronk JT et al (2009) An atypical PMR2 locus is responsible for hypersensitivity to sodium and lithium cations in the laboratory strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN.PK113-7D. FEMS Yeast Res 9:789–792Davis DA (2009) How human pathogenic fungi sense and adapt to pH: the link to virulence. Curr Opin Microbiol 12:365–370de Nadal E, Posas F (2011) Elongating under stress. Genet Res Int 2011:326286de Nadal E, Clotet J, Posas F, Serrano R, Gomez N et al (1998) The yeast halotolerance determinant Hal3p is an inhibitory subunit of the Ppz1p Ser/Thr protein phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:7357–7362de Nadal E, Calero F, Ramos J, Ariño J (1999) Biochemical and genetic analyses of the role of yeast casein kinase 2 in salt tolerance. J Bacteriol 181:6456–6462de Nadal E, Alepuz PM, Posas F (2002) Dealing with osmostress through MAP kinase activation. EMBO Rep 3:735–740De Nadal E, Zapater M, Alepuz PM, Sumoy L, Mas G et al (2004) The MAPK Hog1 recruits Rpd3 histone deacetylase to activate osmoresponsive genes. Nature 427:370–374Dimmer KS, Fritz S, Fuchs F, Messerschmitt M, Weinbach N et al (2002) Genetic basis of mitochondrial function and morphology in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 13:847–853Durell SR, Guy HR (1999) Structural models of the KtrB, TrkH, and Trk1,2 symporters based on the structure of the KcsA K(+) channel. Biophys J 77:789–807Eide DJ, Clark S, Nair TM, Gehl M, Gribskov M et al (2005) Characterization of the yeast ionome: a genome-wide analysis of nutrient mineral and trace element homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genome Biol 6:R77Elicharova H, Sychrova H (2014) Fluconazole affects the alkali-metal-cation homeostasis and susceptibility to cationic toxic compounds of Candida glabrata. Microbiology 160:1705–1713Endele S, Fuhry M, Pak SJ, Zabel BU, Winterpacht A (1999) LETM1, a novel gene encoding a putative EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding protein, flanks the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) critical region and is deleted in most WHS patients. Genomics 60:218–225Eraso P, Mazón MJ, Portillo F (2006) Yeast protein kinase Ptk2 localizes at the plasma membrane and phosphorylates in vitro the C-terminal peptide of the H+-ATPase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1758:164–170Erez O, Kahana C (2002) Deletions of SKY1 or PTK2 in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae trk1Deltatrk2Delta mutant cells exert dual effect on ion homeostasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 295:1142–1149Estrada E, Agostinis P, Vandenheede JR, Goris J, Merlevede W et al (1996) Phosphorylation of yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase by casein kinase I. J Biol Chem 271:32064–32072Fairman C, Zhou X, Kung C (1999) Potassium uptake through the TOK1 K+ channel in the budding yeast. J Membr Biol 168:149–157Farnaud S, Evans RW (2003) Lactoferrin – a multifunctional protein with antimicrobial properties. Mol Immunol 40:395–405Fell GL, Munson AM, Croston MA, Rosenwald AG (2011) Identification of yeast genes involved in k homeostasis: loss of membrane traffic genes affects k uptake. G3 (Bethesda) 1:43–56Fernandes AR, Sá-Correia I (2003) Transcription patterns of PMA1 and PMA2 genes and activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during diauxic growth and stationary phase. Yeast 20:207–219Ferrando A, Kron SJ, Rios G, Fink GR, Serrano R (1995) Regulation of cation transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the salt tolerance gene HAL3. Mol Cell Biol 15:5470–5481Ferrigno P, Posas F, Koepp D, Saito H, Silver PA (1998) Regulated nucleo/cytoplasmic exchange of HOG1 MAPK requires the importin beta homologs NMD5 and XPO1. EMBO J 17:5606–5614Flegelova H, Haguenauer-Tsapis R, Sychrova H (2006) Heterologous expression of mammalian Na/H antiporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta 1760:504–516Flis K, Hinzpeter A, Edelman A, Kurlandzka A (2005) The functioning of mammalian ClC-2 chloride channel in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells requires an increased level of Kha1p. Biochem J 390:655–664Forment J, Mulet JM, Vicente O, Serrano R (2002) The yeast SR protein kinase Sky1p modulates salt tolerance, membrane potential and the Trk1,2 potassium transporter. Biochim Biophys Acta 1565:36–40Froschauer E, Nowikovsky K, Schweyen RJ (2005) Electroneutral K+/H+ exchange in mitochondrial membrane vesicles involves Yol027/Letm1 proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1711:41–48Fukuda A, Nakamura A, Tagiri A, Tanaka H, Miyao A et al (2004) Function, intracellular localization and the importance in salt tolerance of a vacuolar Na(+)/H(+) antiporter from rice. Plant Cell Physiol 45:146–159Gaber RF (1992) Molecular genetics of yeast ion transport. Int Rev Cytol 137:299–353Gaber RF, Styles CA, Fink GR (1988) TRK1 encodes a plasma membrane protein required for high-affinity potassium transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 8:2848–2859Gaxiola RA, Rao R, Sherman A, Grisafi P, Alper SL et al (1999) The Arabidopsis thaliana proton transporters, AtNhx1 and Avp1, can function in cation detoxification in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:1480–1485Gelis S, Curto M, Valledor L, González A, Ariño J et al (2012) Adaptation to potassium starvation of wild-type and K(+)-transport mutant (trk1,2) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomic approach. Microbiologyopen 1:182–193Gómez MJ, Luyten K, Ramos J (1996) The capacity to transport potassium influences sodium tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 135:157–160González A, Casado C, Petrezsélyová S, Ruiz A, Ariño J (2013) Molecular analysis of a conditional hal3 vhs3 yeast mutant links potassium homeostasis with flocculation and invasiveness. Fungal Genet Biol 53:1–9Goossens A, de La Fuente N, Forment J, Serrano R, Portillo F (2000) Regulation of yeast H(+)-ATPase by protein kinases belonging to a family dedicated to activation of plasma membrane transporters. Mol Cell Biol 20:7654–7661Gupta SS, Canessa CM (2000) Heterologous expression of a mammalian epithelial sodium channel in yeast. FEBS Lett 481:77–80Gustin MC, Martinac B, Saimi Y, Culbertson MR, Kung C (1986) Ion channels in yeast. Science 233:1195–1197Haass FA, Jonikas M, Walter P, Weissman JS, Jan YN et al (2007) Identification of yeast proteins necessary for cell-surface function of a potassium channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:18079–18084Haro R, Rodríguez-Navarro A (2002) Molecular analysis of the mechanism of potassium uptake through the TRK1 transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta 1564:114–122Haro R, Rodríguez-Navarro A (2003) Functional analysis of the M2(D) helix of the TRK1 potassium transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta 1613:1–6Haro R, Garciadeblas B, Rodríguez-Navarro A (1991) A novel P-type ATPase from yeast involved in sodium transport. FEBS Lett 291:189–191Hasenbrink G, Schwarzer S, Kolacna L, Ludwig J, Sychrova H et al (2005) Analysis of the mKir2.1 channel activity in potassium influx defective Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains determined as changes in growth characteristics. FEBS Lett 579:1723–1731Herrera R, Álvarez MC, Gelis S, Ramos J (2013) Subcellular potassium and sodium distribution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae wild-type and vacuolar mutants. Biochem J 454:525–532Herrera R, Alvarez MC, Gelis S, Kodedová M, Sychrová H et al (2014) Role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Trk1 in stabilization of intracellular potassium content upon changes in external potassium levels. Biochim Biophys Acta 1838:127–133Hess DC, Lu W, Rabinowitz JD, Botstein D (2006) Ammonium toxicity and potassium limitation in yeast. PLoS Biol 4:e351Hoeberichts FA, Perez-Valle J, Montesinos C, Mulet JM, Planes MD et al (2010) The role of K+ and H+ transport systems during glucose- and H2O2-induced cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 27:713–725Hohmann S (2002) Osmotic stress signaling and osmoadaptation in yeasts. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 66:300–372Hohmann S, Krantz M, Nordlander B (2007) Yeast osmoregulation. Methods Enzymol 428:29–45Idnurm A, Walton FJ, Floyd A, Reedy JL, Heitman J (2009) Identification of ENA1 as a virulence gene of the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans through signature-tagged insertional mutagenesis. Eukaryot Cell 8:315–326Jung KW, Strain AK, Nielsen K, Jung KH, Bahn YS (2012) Two cation transporters Ena1 and Nha1 cooperatively modulate ion homeostasis, antifungal drug resistance, and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans via the HOG pathway. Fungal Genet Biol 49:332–345Kafadar KA, Cyert MS (2004) Integration of stress responses: modulation of calcineurin signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by protein kinase A. Eukaryot Cell 3:1147–1153Kahm M, Navarrete C, Llopis-Torregrosa V, Herrera R, Barreto L et al (2012) Potassium starvation in yeast: mechanisms of homeostasis revealed by mathematical modeling. PLoS Comput Biol 8:e1002548Kallay LM, Brett CL, Tukaye DN, Wemmer MA, Chyou A et al (2011) Endosomal Na+(K+)/H+ exchanger Nhx1/Vps44 functions independently and downstream of multivesicular body formation. J Biol Chem 286:44067–44077Kane PM (2007) The long physiological reach of the yeast vacuolar H+-ATPase. J Bioenerg Biomembr 39:415–421Kane PM (2012) Targeting reversible disassembly as a mechanism of controlling V-ATPase activity. Curr Protein Pept Sci 13:117–123Ke R, Ingram PJ, Haynes K (2013) An integrative model of ion regulation in yeast. PLoS Comput Biol 9:e1002879Ketchum KA, Joiner WJ, Sellers AJ, Kaczmarek LK, Goldstein SA (1995) A new family of outwardly rectifying potassium channel proteins with two pore domains in tandem. Nature 376:690–695Kinclová O, Ramos J, Potier S, Sychrová H (2001) Functional study of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nha1p C-terminus. Mol Microbiol 40:656–668Kinclova-Zimmermannova O, Sychrova H (2006) Functional study of the Nha1p C-terminus: involvement in cell response to changes in external osmolarity. Curr Genet 49:229–236Kinclová-Zimmermannová O, Flegelová H, Sychrová H (2004) Rice Na+/H+-antiporter Nhx1 partially complements the alkali-metal-cation sensitivity of yeast strains lacking three sodium transporters. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 49:519–525Kinclova-Zimmermannova O, Gaskova D, Sychrova H (2006) The Na+, K+/H+ -antiporter Nha1 influences the plasma membrane potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 6:792–800Klee CB, Draetta GF, Hubbard MJ (1988) Calcineurin. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 61:149–200Klipp E, Nordlander B, Krüger R, Gennemark P, Hohmann S (2005) Integrative model of the response of yeast to osmotic shock. Nat Biotechnol 23:975–982Ko CH, Gaber RF (1991) TRK1 and TRK2 encode structurally related K+ transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 11:4266–4273Ko CH, Buckley AM, Gaber RF (1990) TRK2 is required for low affinity K+ transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 125:305–312Ko CH, Liang H, Gaber RF (1993) Roles of multiple glucose transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 13:638–648Kojima A, To

COVID-19 Severity and Cardiovascular Outcomes in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients With Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease

BACKGROUND: Data regarding outcomes among patients with cancer and co-morbid cardiovascular disease (CVD)/cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) after SARS-CoV-2 infection are limited. OBJECTIVES: To compare Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related complications among cancer patients with and without co-morbid CVD/CVRF. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of patients with cancer and laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2, reported to the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) registry from 03/17/2020 to 12/31/2021. CVD/CVRF was defined as established CVD RESULTS: Among 10,876 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with cancer (median age 65 [IQR 54-74] years, 53% female, 52% White), 6253 patients (57%) had co-morbid CVD/CVRF. Co-morbid CVD/CVRF was associated with higher COVID-19 severity (adjusted OR: 1.25 [95% CI 1.11-1.40]). Adverse CV events were significantly higher in patients with CVD/CVRF (all CONCLUSIONS: Co-morbid CVD/CVRF is associated with higher COVID-19 severity among patients with cancer, particularly those not receiving active cancer therapy. While infrequent, COVID-19 related CV complications were higher in patients with comorbid CVD/CVRF. (COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium Registry [CCC19]; NCT04354701)