Evaluation de l‘EfficacyAntimicrobienne des Gels Hydroalcooliques Vendus sur les Marches et Grandes Surfaces de la Ville de Daloa (Centre-ousest, Cote d’Ivore)

La transmission manu portée des microorganismes est une question d’actualité. Elle s’est accrue avec l’apparition de la Covid-19. Il s’est en suit une prolifération de gels hydroalcooliques (GHA) sur l’ensemble des marchés de Côte d’Ivoire. La ville de Daloa enregistre aussi une diversité de gels hydroalcooliques sur ses marchés. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer l’effet antimicrobien des gels hydroalcooliques vendus sur les marchés et grandes surfaces (supers marchés) de la ville de Daloa. Tout d’abord une enquête sociodémographique afin de connaitre le niveau de connaissance et celui de l’utilisation des gels hydroalcooliques dans la ville de Daloa a été réalisée. Concernant l’activité antibactérienne, un total de 30 GHA a été testé à raison de 15 GHA prélevés sur les marchés et 15 autres dans les supermarchés.  Les souches microbiennes telles que Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae et Candida albicans ont été utilisées pour le test d’activité antibactérienne. Les résultats indiquent que les GHA sont connus par 96% de la population interrogée. Ces personnes sont en majorité des adultes de plus de 30 ans et ayant au moins un niveau d’étude du primaire. L’activité antibactérienne a relevé que l’efficacité varie d’un gel à un autre. La souche C. albicans est moins sensible à tous les gels quelque soit leur lieu de provenance et les gels vendus sur les marchés sont moins efficaces que les gels vendus au Supermarché.   The manual transmission of microorganisms is a topical issue. It increased with the appearance of Covid-19. There followed a proliferation of hydroalcoholic gels (GHA) on all markets in Côte d'Ivoire. The city of Daloa also registers a variety of hydroalcoholic gels on its markets. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of hydroalcoholic gels sold in markets and supermarkets (supermarkets) in the city of Daloa. First of all, a socio-demographic survey in order to know the level of knowledge and that of the use of hydroalcoholic gels in the city of Daloa was carried out. Regarding antibacterial activity, a total of 30 GHAs were tested, with 15 GHAs taken from markets and 15 others from supermarkets. Microbial strains such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans were used for the antibacterial activity test. The results indicate that GHAs are known by 96% of the population surveyed. These people are mostly adults over the age of 30 and with at least a primary education. The antibacterial activity noted that the effectiveness varies from one gel to another. The C. albicans strain is less sensitive to all gels regardless of their place of origin and the gels sold on the markets are less effective than the gels sold at the Supermarket

Evaluation de l‘EfficacyAntimicrobienne des Gels Hydroalcooliques Vendus sur les Marches et Grandes Surfaces de la Ville de Daloa (Centre-ousest, Cote d’Ivore)

La transmission manu portée des microorganismes est une question d’actualité. Elle s’est accrue avec l’apparition de la Covid-19. Il s’est en suit une prolifération de gels hydroalcooliques (GHA) sur l’ensemble des marchés de Côte d’Ivoire. La ville de Daloa enregistre aussi une diversité de gels hydroalcooliques sur ses marchés. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer l’effet antimicrobien des gels hydroalcooliques vendus sur les marchés et grandes surfaces (supers marchés) de la ville de Daloa. Tout d’abord une enquête sociodémographique afin de connaitre le niveau de connaissance et celui de l’utilisation des gels hydroalcooliques dans la ville de Daloa a été réalisée. Concernant l’activité antibactérienne, un total de 30 GHA a été testé à raison de 15 GHA prélevés sur les marchés et 15 autres dans les supermarchés.  Les souches microbiennes telles que Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae et Candida albicans ont été utilisées pour le test d’activité antibactérienne. Les résultats indiquent que les GHA sont connus par 96% de la population interrogée. Ces personnes sont en majorité des adultes de plus de 30 ans et ayant au moins un niveau d’étude du primaire. L’activité antibactérienne a relevé que l’efficacité varie d’un gel à un autre. La souche C. albicans est moins sensible à tous les gels quelque soit leur lieu de provenance et les gels vendus sur les marchés sont moins efficaces que les gels vendus au Supermarché.   The manual transmission of microorganisms is a topical issue. It increased with the appearance of Covid-19. There followed a proliferation of hydroalcoholic gels (GHA) on all markets in Côte d'Ivoire. The city of Daloa also registers a variety of hydroalcoholic gels on its markets. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of hydroalcoholic gels sold in markets and supermarkets (supermarkets) in the city of Daloa. First of all, a socio-demographic survey in order to know the level of knowledge and that of the use of hydroalcoholic gels in the city of Daloa was carried out. Regarding antibacterial activity, a total of 30 GHAs were tested, with 15 GHAs taken from markets and 15 others from supermarkets. Microbial strains such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans were used for the antibacterial activity test. The results indicate that GHAs are known by 96% of the population surveyed. These people are mostly adults over the age of 30 and with at least a primary education. The antibacterial activity noted that the effectiveness varies from one gel to another. The C. albicans strain is less sensitive to all gels regardless of their place of origin and the gels sold on the markets are less effective than the gels sold at the Supermarket

Genetic Diversity of Simulium damnosum complex Onchocerciasis Vector and its Influence on Entomological Monitoring in the West of Côte d'Ivoire

In West Africa, Onchocerca volvulus, the causative pathogen of human onchocerciasis, is transmitted by sibling species of the Simulium damnosum complex. Little is known about blackfly intraspecific variability and its consequences on vectorial capacity in Côte d’Ivoire. This study reports the use of microsatellite markers to study the genetic profile and evaluate the gene flow between populations of S. damnosum s.l from three (3) different epidemiological facies in western Côte d’Ivoire, fifteen years after the end of onchocerciasis control program. Adult flies were collected on human attractants from 07 : 00 to 18 : 00 hours for three consecutive days by site, from December 2016 to October 2017. Four (4) microsatellite loci were used to characterize individuals from these populations. The four (4) loci were polymorphic with 13.25 alleles per locus. Two (2) specific alleles (190 bp and 290 bp), were reveal abundant with respective frequencies of 0.46 % and 0.58 %. Asignificant heterozygosity deficiency and low genetic differentiation (FST = 0.046, P = 0.024) have been observed for all the populations. The genetic analysis showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg and significant heterozygosity deficiencies. Then, the great interspecific variability would be a general characteristic in S. damnosum s.l. At last, a probable evolution of the invasive strains of S. damnosum would have occurred in these localities. This study has shown significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg and significant heterozygosity deficiencies in the populations of the three localities. The loci give independent estimate genetic parameters. The H3-4 locus to a low genetic differentiation between the populations. &nbsp

Flowering phenology and yield-related traits in an interspecific cross between Coffea pseudozanguebariae Bridson and C. canephora Pierre

Higher caffeine content and cup beverage bitterness considerably depreciated the commercial value of Coffea canephora Pierre (CAN) compared with C. arabica L (ARA). Wild caffeine-free species like C. pseudozanguebariae Bridson (PSE) offer the opportunity to produce new CAN varieties containing little or no caffeine. F1 plants resulting from a PSE × CAN cross, and BC1 individuals, derived from the first backcross generation (PSE × CAN) × CAN) were produced. In order to assess flowering phenology and yield traits in F1 and BC1 hybrids, six morphological characters including flowering time, pollen viability (PV), fructification rate (FR), seed set (SSET), flower number per node (NFN) and 100-bean weight (W100) were studied under environmental conditions in Côte d’Ivoire. The results showed that F1 plants flowered only in February while, for BC1, 20% and 80% of the plants flowered in January and February, respectively

Effects of Mycorrhizal Inoculant on the Quality of Macropropagated Seeds and the Agronomic Performance of Plantain (Musa spp.)

The difficulties of nurserymen and producers of plantains in Côte d’Ivoire are the high mortality rate of seedlings and the delays of growth in the field. The aim of this study is to improve quality and agronomic performance of plantain seedlings produced by PIF technique (plantain seedlings production based on macropropagation). The plantain shoot bulbs were inoculated before being placed in the germinator and seedlings from germinator were inoculated again during the weaning phase at nursery with AMFs (Rhizophagus intraradices). Root mycorrhizal colonization, growth parameters such as girth, height, total leaf area, biomass and entry into production were measured in nursery and on the field. The results showed that the root colonization rate of the plants inoculated with R. intraradices inoculum was higher (30.59%) than that of the native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (2.78%). All inoculated plants survived while non-inoculated plants had 27.69% of mortality rate. Inoculated plants had higher growth than non-inoculated plants. The organs of inoculated plants also had higher biomass than non-inoculated plants. Eleven months after planting, nearly 50% of the inoculated plants had started production, while only 5.67% of the non-inoculated plants had started production. Mycorrhization improved the vigor and vegetative growth of plantain seedlings. It could therefore be used as a solution for a sustainable plantain culture

Caractérisation physicochimique de trois espèces de champignons sauvages comestibles couramment rencontrées dans la région du Haut-Sassandra (Côte d’Ivoire)

Objectif : Cette étude a été menée afin de constituer une base de données nécessaire à la valorisation de façon efficiente des champignons  comestibles locaux dans l’alimentation ivoirienne. Ce travail a consisté à évaluer les caractéristiques biochimiques de Psathyrella tuberculata, Termitomyces letestui et Volvariella volvacea, trois espèces de champignons sauvages couramment rencontrées et consommées en Côte d’Ivoire.Méthodologie et résultats : Pour réaliser cette étude, une analyse  physicochimique de chaque espèce de champignons comestibles prélevés a été réalisée. Les résultats de l’analyse physicochimique ont révélé que les trois espèces de champignons comestibles sont aliments énergétiques (281,26 ± 34,84 kcal/100 g), riches en protéines (15,86 ± 0,22 %), en glucides (45,45 ± 7,46 %) et en cendres (20,59 ± 6,77 %). Par contre, elles sont relativement pauvres en lipides (4,00 ± 0,76 %) et en sucres réducteurs (3,63 ± 1,44 %). Par ailleurs, ces champignons contiennent des polyphénols (6,84 ± 0,02), assurent une activité antioxydante très importante (18,10 ± 5,66 %) et ont une forte humidité (14,09 ± 1,66 %). Des différences ont été observées entre les paramètres physicochimiques les trois espèces de champignons comestibles analysées. L’espèce  Volvariella volvacea qui a enregistré la teneur en cendres (27,873 ± 0,616 %) la plus élevée pourrait être utilisée dans la fortification des aliments.Conclusion et application des résultats : Ces résultats montrent que l’espèce Psathyrella tuberculata, l’espèce Termitomyces letestui et l’espèce Volvariella volvacea  constituent des sources protéiques et  glucidiques potentielles dans l’alimentation des ivoiriens. Cependant, les valeurs de l’humidité relativement élevées incitent à accorder de l’intérêt aux différentes  méthodes traditionnelles de conservation.Mots-clés : Champignons comestibles, Psathyrella tuberculata, Termitomyces letestui Volvariella volvacea, analyse physicochimique

Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from some Street Hot Beverages in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main pathogens found in street food, including hot beverages. However, information about S. aureus isolated from street hot beverages from coffee carts is very limited in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Aims: We aimed to characterize phenotypically S. aureus isolated from street hot beverages sold in Abidjan. Methodology: A total of 400 samples of hot beverage were collected and analyzed. The identification was made through conventional microbial and biochemical analysis. Macroscopic identification on the Baird Parker agar supplement with egg yolk tellurite. Microscopic observation through Gram staining as well as biochemical tests such as catalase, DNase and coagulase were performed. To confirm staphylococcal strains, the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used. After identification, the susceptibility of the staphylococcal isolates was evaluated using disc diffusion method. Results: Result showed that most of Staphylococcus aureus (18.4%) were isolated from tea. All the strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from street beverages were sensitive to cefoxitin and vancomycin. All the S. aureus isolated from milk were resistant to Erythromycin. Although beverages are consumed hot, the presence of S. aureus in ready-to-drink beverage transmitted infections to consumers. Conclusion: This drink need attention for the seller and the user to avoid some infections

Prognostics of multiple malaria episodes and nutritional status in children aged 6 to 59 months from 2013 to 2017 in Dangassa, Koulikoro region, Mali

Abstract Background In Africa, the relationship between childhood nutritional status and malaria remains complex and difficult to interpret. Understanding it is important in the improvement of malaria control strategies. This study aimed to assess the influence of nutritional status on the occurrence of multiple malaria episodes in children aged 6 to 59 months between 2013 and 2017 living in the village of Dangassa, Mali. Methods A community-based longitudinal study was conducted using cross-sectional surveys (CSSs) at the beginning (June) and end (November) of the malaria transmission season associated with passive case detection (PCD) at the Dangassa Community Health Centre. Children with asymptomatic malaria infection during cross-sectional surveys were selected and their malaria episodes followed by PCD. Malaria indicators in person-months were estimated using an ordinal-logistic model repeated on subjects during follow-up periods. Results The incidence rate (IR) during the period of high transmission (June to October), for 1 episode and for 2 + episodes peaked in 2013 with 65 children (IR = 95.73 per 1000 person-months) and 24 cases (IR = 35.35 per 1000 person-months), respectively. As expected, the risk of multiple episodes occurring during the period of high transmission was 3.23 compared to the period of low transmission after adjusting for other model parameters (95% CI [2.45–4.26], p = 0.000). Children with anaemia were at high risk of having multiple episodes (OR = 1.6, 95% CI [1.12–2.30], p = 0.011). However, the risk of having 2 + episodes for anemic children was higher during the period of low transmission (RR = 1.67, 95% CI [1.15–2.42], p = 0.007) compared to the period of high transmission (RR = 1.58, 95% CI [1.09–2.29], p = 0.016). The trend indicated that anemic and underweight children were significantly associated with multiple malaria episodes during the period of low transmission (p < 0.001). Conclusion Results show that multiple episodes of malaria are significantly related to the nutritional status (anaemia and underweight) of the child during the two transmission seasons and more pronounced during the dry season (period of low transmission). Further research including other malnutrition parameters will be needed to confirm these findings

Comparative efficacy of essential oils of three aromatic plants as alternatives in the control of Phytophthora spp., agent of cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) black pod disease in Côte d'Ivoire

This study aimed at comparing the efficacy of essential oils from three aromatic plants species (Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus citriodora and Ocimum gratissimum) in vitro and in vivo against two Phytophthora strains (Phytophthora palmivora and P. megakarya) in a view to developing new biofongicides for the control of cocoa tree black pod disease. Essential oils were applied at four different concentrations (0.5; 1; 3 and 5 mL/L) in vitro and in vivo on leaf discs of three cocoa clones (NA32, PA150 and SCA6) whichsusceptibility is known. As results, all three essential oils significantly (p˂ 0.05) reduced in vitro mycelial growth of both Phytophthora strains and also reduced the leaf susceptibility to these strains. Inhibition rates in vitro of Phytophthora strains mycelial growth ranged from 83.80 to 100% for the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum species and from 17.7 to 100% for which of Eucalyptus citriodora species. In the biotests, the leaf susceptibility index of clone NA32 (susceptible) was reduced from 3.14 to 0.40. This correspond to reduction rates ranged from 64.87 to 86.70% of leaf susceptibility to both Phytophthora strains. Essential oils (HS and HO) from Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum species were most effective than which from Eucalyptus citriodora species. However, all three essential oils revealed antifungal properties. Therefore, they could be recommended as biofungicides for a sustainable control of cocoa tree black pod disease in Côte d'Ivoire. &nbsp; &nbsp