Micromorphology and anatomy of flowers and nectaries of Saxifraga stolonifera L.

Saxifrages are plants commonly found in all continents. Many of them are adapted to flowering and reproduction under mountainous and rocky conditions. They are pollinated by various groups of insects and have intrastaminal nectaries. The morpho-anatomy of the flowers and nectaries of Saxifraga stolonifera L. was examined using bright-field light and stereoscopic microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy. The abaxial surface of the sepals has multicellular glandular trichomes containing anthocyanins in the base cells and polyphenols in the secretory cells of the head, whereas visual attractants in the form of color spots are found on the petals. The nectary gland is located at the apex of the ovary and forms a yellow-orange fleshy half-ring. Nectar is secreted through numerous modified stomata. The glandular parenchyma does not have vascular elements. Moreover, orange-brown polyphenols were observed in the nectary cells

The Relationship between the Morphology and Structure and the Quality of Fruits of Two Pear Cultivars ( Pyrus communis

The flavour and nutritional values of pears are appreciated by consumers worldwide, who, however, demand specific fruit quality, that is, attractive appearance, firmness and flavour, and health safety as well as long-term shelf life and storability. Pear cultivars differ in terms of the above-mentioned traits; therefore, we undertook investigations to demonstrate the differences in structure of fruits of two pear cultivars that determine fruit quality in its broadest sense. The micromorphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of “Clapp’s Favourite” and “Conference” fruits in the fruit set stage and in the harvest maturity stage were investigated under light microscope and scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The fruits of “Clapp’s Favourite” and “Conference” in the fruit set stage exhibited distinct differences in the values of anatomical parameters only. Substantial differences in fruit structure were observed in the harvest maturity stage. The analyses indicate that firmness and durability of pear fruits are largely influenced by the presence of russeting, the proportion of closed lenticels and number of stone cells, and the content of starch grains and tannin compounds. The thickness of the cuticle and presence of epicuticular waxes as well as the number of lenticels and the number and depth of microcracks play a minor role

The biology of flowering and structure of selected elements of Cornus alba L. flowers

The biology of flowering and the micromorphology of Cornus alba flowers were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. The flowering of white dogwood in 2008 lasted 35 days, and the lifespan of a single flower was 3 days. The number of flowers per inflorescence was variable (on the average, it was 89). The largest group of insects visiting the flowers of C. alba comprised Hymenoptera (mainly bees and andrenids), then ants, dipterans and beetles. They foraged the dogwood flowers most intensively between 11.00 and 15.00. The inconspicuous four-petalled flowers of C. alba were characterised by the occurrence of T-shaped, two-armed non-glandular trichomes covering the receptacle as well as observed on the petals of the corolla, the style of the pistil and the anthers in a smaller number. The trichomes were covered by a thick cuticle with characteristic outgrowths. They contained a living protoplast, and plastids were observed in the cytoplasm of the trichome cells. In addition, anomocytic stomata were found in the epidermis of the receptacle and in the epidermis of the corolla petals. The stigma of the pistil and the adaxial epidermis of the petals were composed of very numerous conical papillae

The comparison of nectaries structure of some varieties of ornamental apple

The study of floral nectary structures of thirteen ornamental apple cultivars examined using light microscope (MS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) was performed. It was found that nectary glands in the selected cultivars were located in the upper part of the flower receptacle, between the ovary of the pistil and the base of stamen filaments, and they generally belonged to the epimorphic or transitoric type. The nectary surface area, its thickness, the number of glandular tissue layers, the height of epidermal cells of the nectary and the thickness of the outer wall of the epidermis, together with the cuticle, were determined by light microscope. By using SEM, the structure of the surface of nectaries in four ornamental apple cultivars was observed. The epidermis of the upper part of the nectaries was composed of elongated cells of which outer cell wall was covered with a striated cuticle. The remaining part of the nectary was characterised by cells of similar arrangement and shape, but their surface was marked by a thinner and smoother layer of cuticle. Closed or opened stomata were generally situated at the level of the epidermal cells. Their pores were often filled with granular or plate-shaped structures

Kodeksowe ograniczenia uprawnień procesowych Żandarmerii Wojskowej wobec żołnierza w czynnej służbie wojskowej

The article compares the procedural provisions (penal and minor) that define the procedural competence of the Military Gendarmerie (Military Police) against a soldier in active military service in a situation where he has committed a prohibited act. Comparative studies of the provisions of Article 312 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 85 § 2 of the Code of Petty Ofences’ Procedure prompted the formulation of de lege ferenda proposals, indicating the need to amend the provision of Article 85 § 2 of the Code of Petty Ofences’ Procedure (and not only). Due to the matter subject to verification (with the use of linguistic and logical interpretation), which are selected provisions of the Code, this article uses research methods – comparative and qualitative (analytical).W artykule porównano przepisy proceduralne (karne i wykroczeniowe) określające właściwość procesową Żandarmerii Wojskowej wobec żołnierza w czynnej służbie wojskowej, w sytuacji, gdy popełnił on czyn zabroniony pod groźbą kary. Porównanie art. 312 k.p.k. oraz art. 85 § 2 k.p.w. dało asumpt do sformułowania propozycji de lege ferenda, wskazujących na potrzebę znowelizowania art. 85 § 2 k.p.w. (i nie tylko). Z uwagi na materię podlegającą weryfikacji (z zastosowaniem wykładni językowo-logicznej), jaką są wybrane przepisy kodeksowe, w niniejszym artykule posłużono się metodami badawczymi – porównawczą wewnątrzsystemową oraz dogmatyczno-prawną

Diversity of the floral nectaries surface of four Crataegus L. species

The performed studies focused on the surface structure of floral nectaries of four species from the following genus: C. coccinea L. , C. crus-galli L., C. curvisepala Lindm and C. prunifolia (Poiret) Pers. The observations of the epidermis area were made in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A nectary appears to be shaped like a slightly curved disk situated between the pistil style and the basal part of the stamens filaments. The nectary area of the studied species differed substantially as regards the cuticle sculpture and stomata number. The nectary secretion in Crataegus flowers proceeds through the stomata located below a level of the other epidermis cells, in the deep indents of the secretory tissue. The highest stomata number in 1 mm2 nectary epidermis was recorded in C. crus-galli, C. coccinea, C. prunifolia and finally, C. curvisepala. Analyzing the nectary cuticular structure in respect of its increasing complexity (absence or presence of stripes), the investigated taxons can be ordered as following: Crataegus curvisepala, C. coccinea, C. crus-galli and C. prunifolia

Characteristics of the competitive loads of Polish National Amputee Football Team. Pilot studies

Background: Information about competitive loads of amputee soccer players are very limited. This element should be one of the base to prepare appropriate training program according to individual needs of players, as well aims of season. The main aim of this pilot study was to describe the characteristics of selected elements of the internal competitive load of football players after unilateral amputations. Methods: The subject involved a group of 15 Polish National Amp Football (PNAF) players after unilateral amputations of t he upper or lower limbs. The age, height and weight were 27.1±8.4 years, 176.2±7.3 cm, 72.0±14.2 kg, respectively. The information were recorded during match between PNAF Team and representative of Polish Clubs, using Polar Team 2Pro System. The data base was analyzed using standard tools and differences among variables was checked by Wilcoxon test. Results: During whole games value of HRmean was 132.6±10.56 bpm with a range from 87.3±10.6 bpm to 182.3±10.69 bpm and energy expenditure was 612.7±164.86 kcal. General, Values of observed variables were higher in the 2nd part of the match but differences among them was not significance. Conclusion: Characterizing the competitive effort will allow to diagnose and determine the nature of the work to use it as specific requirements of the discipline. It can be expected that these information will contribute to the improvement the training process for AMP Footballers and optimize training of the disabled people

Alder pollen season in poland in 2018

Alder pollen grains constitute the important allergen sources in this respect in the Northern Hemisphere. The aim of the study was to investigate the concentration of alder (Alnus spp.) in Bialystok, Bydgoszcz, Cracow, Drawsko Pomorskie, Lublin, Olsztyn, Opole, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Warsaw, Wroclaw and Zielona Gora in 2018. Measurements were performed by the volumetric method (Burkard and Lanzoni pollen samplers). Seasonal Pollen Index (SPI) was estimated as the annual sum of daily average pollen concentrations. The pollen season of alder in all Polish stations began on the 11th and 13th March and the high concentration persisted until the first days of April. The highest, record airborne concentration of 1068 pollen grains/m3 was noted in Lublin on the 13th March. The peak values of seasonal pollen count occurred between of 11th March and 4th April in all cities. In 2018 pollen concentration of alder was one of the lowest in all analysed cities

Yew and juniper pollen season in selected cities of Poland in 2020

The study compares the yew and juniper pollen seasons in Bialystok, Bydgoszcz, Cracow, Lublin, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Warsaw, and Wroclaw in 2020. The investigations were conducted using the volumetric method. The yew and juniper season started in all measurement sites between February 2nd (Szczecin) and March 2nd (Lublin). The peak values of seasonal pollen count occurred between February 23rd (in Szczecin) and March 28th. The highest daily pollen count was recorded in Lublin (867 grains/m3) and the lowest pollen count in Bialystok (45 grains/m3). The highest annual totals were recorded in Lublin and Wroclaw. Most days, with a concentration equal to or above 50 grains/m3, causing symptoms in allergic patients were recorded in Lublin and Warsaw