870 research outputs found
Viscous photons in relativistic heavy ion collisions
Theoretical studies of the production of real thermal photons in relativistic
heavy ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) are
performed. The space-time evolution of the colliding system is modelled using
MUSIC, a 3+1D relativistic hydrodynamic simulation, using both its ideal and
viscous versions. The inclusive spectrum and its azimuthal angular anisotropy
are studied separately, and the relative contributions of the different photon
sources are highlighted. It is shown that the photon v2 coefficient is
especially sensitive to the details of the microscopic dynamics like the
equation of state, the ratio of shear viscosity over entropy density, eta/s,
and to the morphology of the initial state.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures. References updated and discussion adde
3+1D hydrodynamic simulation of relativistic heavy-ion collisions
We present MUSIC, an implementation of the Kurganov-Tadmor algorithm for
relativistic 3+1 dimensional fluid dynamics in heavy-ion collision scenarios.
This Riemann-solver-free, second-order, high-resolution scheme is characterized
by a very small numerical viscosity and its ability to treat shocks and
discontinuities very well. We also incorporate a sophisticated algorithm for
the determination of the freeze-out surface using a three dimensional
triangulation of the hyper-surface. Implementing a recent lattice based
equation of state, we compute p_T-spectra and pseudorapidity distributions for
Au+Au collisions at root s = 200 GeV and present results for the anisotropic
flow coefficients v_2 and v_4 as a function of both p_T and pseudorapidity. We
were able to determine v_4 with high numerical precision, finding that it does
not strongly depend on the choice of initial condition or equation of state.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures, version accepted for publication in PRC,
references added, minor typos corrected, more detailed discussion of
freeze-out routine adde
Energy Loss of Leading Hadrons and Direct Photon production in Evolving Quark-Gluon Plasma
We calculate the nuclear modification factor of neutral pions and the photon
yield at high p_T in central Au-Au collisions at RHIC (\sqrt{s}=200 GeV) and
Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC (\sqrt{s}=5500 GeV). A leading-order accurate
treatment of jet energy loss in the medium has been convolved with a physical
description of the initial spatial distribution of jets and a (1+1) dimensional
expansion. We reproduce the nuclear modification factor of pion R_{AA} at RHIC,
assuming an initial temperature T_i=370 MeV and a formation time \tau_i=0.26
fm/c, corresponding to dN/dy=1260. The resulting suppression depends on the
particle rapidity density dN/dy but weakly on the initial temperature. The jet
energy loss treatment is also included in the calculation of high p_T photons.
Photons coming from primordial hard N-N scattering are the dominant
contribution at RHIC for p_T > 5 GeV, while at the LHC, the range 8<p_T<14 GeV
is dominated by jet-photon conversion in the plasma.Comment: 21 pages, 16 figures. Discussions and references added. New figure
includind photon dat
Systematic Comparison of Jet Energy-Loss Schemes in a realistic hydrodynamic medium
We perform a systematic comparison of three different jet energy-loss
approaches. These include the Armesto-Salgado-Wiedemann scheme based on the
approach of Baier-Dokshitzer-Mueller-Peigne-Schiff and Zakharov (BDMPS-Z/ASW),
the Higher Twist approach (HT) and a scheme based on the approach of
Arnold-Moore-Yaffe (AMY). In this comparison, an identical medium evolution
will be utilized for all three approaches: not only does this entail the use of
the same realistic three-dimensional relativistic fluid dynamics (RFD)
simulation, but also includes the use of identical initial parton-distribution
functions and final fragmentation functions. We are, thus, in a unique
position, not only to isolate fundamental differences between the various
approaches, but also to make rigorous calculations for different experimental
measurements using "state of the art" components. All three approaches are
reduced to a version which contains only one free tunable parameter, this is
then related to the well known transport parameter . We find that the
parameters of all three calculations can be adjusted to provide a good
description of inclusive data on versus transverse momentum. However,
we do observe slight differences in their predictions for the centrality and
azimuthal angular dependence of vs. . We also note that the value
of the transport coefficient in the three approaches to describe the
data differs significantly.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, revtex, minor changes in model nomenclature and
reference
Effect of oxidant concentration, exposure time, and seed particles on secondary organic aerosol chemical composition and yield
We performed a systematic intercomparison study of the chemistry and yields of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated from OH oxidation of a common set of gas-phase precursors in a Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) continuous flow reactor and several environmental chambers. In the flow reactor, SOA precursors were oxidized using OH concentrations ranging from 2.0 × 10[superscript 8] to 2.2 × 10[superscript 10] molec cm[superscript −3] over exposure times of 100 s. In the environmental chambers, precursors were oxidized using OH concentrations ranging from 2 × 10[superscript 6] to 2 × 10[superscript 7] molec cm[superscript −3] over exposure times of several hours. The OH concentration in the chamber experiments is close to that found in the atmosphere, but the integrated OH exposure in the flow reactor can simulate atmospheric exposure times of multiple days compared to chamber exposure times of only a day or so. In most cases, for a specific SOA type the most-oxidized chamber SOA and the least-oxidized flow reactor SOA have similar mass spectra, oxygen-to-carbon and hydrogen-to-carbon ratios, and carbon oxidation states at integrated OH exposures between approximately 1 × 10[superscript 11] and 2 × 10[superscript 11] molec cm[superscript −3] s, or about 1–2 days of equivalent atmospheric oxidation. This observation suggests that in the range of available OH exposure overlap for the flow reactor and chambers, SOA elemental composition as measured by an aerosol mass spectrometer is similar whether the precursor is exposed to low OH concentrations over long exposure times or high OH concentrations over short exposure times. This similarity in turn suggests that both in the flow reactor and in chambers, SOA chemical composition at low OH exposure is governed primarily by gas-phase OH oxidation of the precursors rather than heterogeneous oxidation of the condensed particles. In general, SOA yields measured in the flow reactor are lower than measured in chambers for the range of equivalent OH exposures that can be measured in both the flow reactor and chambers. The influence of sulfate seed particles on isoprene SOA yield measurements was examined in the flow reactor. The studies show that seed particles increase the yield of SOA produced in flow reactors by a factor of 3 to 5 and may also account in part for higher SOA yields obtained in the chambers, where seed particles are routinely used.National Science Foundation (U.S.). Atmospheric Chemistry Program (Grant AGS-1056225)National Science Foundation (U.S.). Atmospheric Chemistry Program (Grant AGS-1245011
XMM-Newton detection of Nova Muscae 1991 in Quiescence
The soft X-ray transient GU Mus has been detected by XMM-Newton in the
quiescent state. The source is very faint, with a 0.5-10.0 keV unabsorbed flux
of ergs cm s. The spectra is well
fit by an absorbed powerlaw with a photon index of ,
close to the value seen when the source was in the low/hard state in Aug. 1991.
From our observed luminosity, it seems unlikely that the quiescent state
emission is dominated by coronal X-rays from the secondary. The flux also
appears to be in agreement with the ADAF model of BH-transients in quiescence.Comment: 6 pages including 3 figures. Accepted for publication, Astronomy and
Astrophysic
Investigation of the correlation between odd oxygen and secondary organic aerosol in Mexico City and Houston
Many recent models underpredict secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particulate matter (PM) concentrations in polluted regions, indicating serious deficiencies in the models' chemical mechanisms and/or missing SOA precursors. Since tropospheric photochemical ozone production is much better understood, we investigate the correlation of odd-oxygen ([Ox]≡[O3]+[NO2]) [([O subscript x] ≡ [O subscript 3] + [NO subscript 2])] and the oxygenated component of organic aerosol (OOA), which is interpreted as a surrogate for SOA. OOA and Ox [O subscript x] measured in Mexico City in 2006 and Houston in 2000 were well correlated in air masses where both species were formed on similar timescales (less than 8 h) and not well correlated when their formation timescales or location differed greatly. When correlated, the ratio of these two species ranged from 30 μg [mu g] m−3/ppm [m superscript -3 / ppm] (STP) in Houston during time periods affected by large petrochemical plant emissions to as high as 160 μg [mu g] m−3/ppm [m superscript -3 / ppm] in Mexico City, where typical values were near 120 μg [mu g] m−3/ppm [m superscript -3 / ppm]. On several days in Mexico City, the [OOA]/[Ox] [[OOA] / O subscript x]] ratio decreased by a factor of ~2 between 08:00 and 13:00 local time. This decrease is only partially attributable to evaporation of the least oxidized and most volatile components of OOA; differences in the diurnal emission trends and timescales for photochemical processing of SOA precursors compared to ozone precursors also likely contribute to the observed decrease. The extent of OOA oxidation increased with photochemical aging. Calculations of the ratio of the SOA formation rate to the Ox [O subscript x] production rate using ambient VOC measurements and traditional laboratory SOA yields are lower than the observed [OOA]/[Ox] [[OOA] / O subscript x]] ratios by factors of 5 to 15, consistent with several other models' underestimates of SOA. Calculations of this ratio using emission factors for organic compounds from gasoline and diesel exhaust do not reproduce the observed ratio. Although not successful in reproducing the atmospheric observations presented, modeling P(SOA)/P(Ox) [P (SOA) / P (O subscript x)] can serve as a useful test of photochemical models using improved formulation mechanisms for SOA.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant ATM-528227)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant ATM-0528170)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant ATM-0513116)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant ATM-0449815)United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Biological and Environmental Research. Atmospheric Science Program (Grant DE-FGO2-05ER63982)United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Biological and Environmental Research. Atmospheric Science Program (Grant DEFGO2- 05ER63980)United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Biological and Environmental Research. Atmospheric Science Program (Grant DE-FG02-08ER64627)United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Grant NA08OAR4310656
Accrual and Recruitment Practices at Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Institutions: A Call for Expectations, Expertise, and Evaluation
To respond to increased public and programmatic demand to address underenrollment of clinical translational research studies, the authors examine participant recruitment practices at Clinical and Translational Science Award sites (CTSAs) and make recommendations for performance metrics and accountability
Evolution of low-mass binaries with black-hole components
We consider evolutionary models for the population of short-period (<10 hr)
low-mass black-hole binaries (LMBHB) and compare them with observations of soft
X-ray transients (SXT). Evolution of LMBHB is determined by nuclear evolution
of the donors and/or orbital angular momentum loss due to magnetic braking by
the stellar wind of the donors and gravitational wave radiation. We show that
the absence of observed stable luminous LMBHB implies that upon RLOF by the
low-mass donor angular momentum losses are substantially reduced with respect
to the Verbunt and Zwaan "standard" prescription for magnetic braking. Under
this assumption masses and effective temperatures of the model secondaries of
LMBHB are in a satisfactory agreement with the masses and effective
temperatures (as inferred from their spectra) of the observed donors in LMBHB.
Theoretical mass-transfer rates in SXTs are consistent with the observed ones
if one assumes that accretion discs in these systems are truncated ("leaky").
We find that the population of short-period SXT is formed mainly by systems
which had unevolved or slightly evolved (X_c > 0.35) donors at the RLOF. Longer
period (0.5 - 1 day) SXT might descend from systems with initial donor mass
about 1 solar and X_c < 0.35. It is unnecessary to invoke donors with almost
hydrogen-depleted cores to explain the origin of LMBHB. Our models suggest that
a very high efficiency of common-envelopes ejection is necessary to form LMBHB,
unless currently commonly accepted empirical estimates of mass-loss rates by
winds for pre-WR and WR-stars are significantly over-evaluated.Comment: 11 pages. To appear in New Astronomy Review, vol. 51, issues 10-12,
Proceedings of "Jean-Pierre Lasota, X-ray binaries, accretion disks and
compact stars" (October 2007); Ed. M. Abramowicz; v3: Eq. (8) for upper limit
on mass-transfer rate and Figs. 4 and 7 correcte
Evidence for the η_b(1S) Meson in Radiative Υ(2S) Decay
We have performed a search for the η_b(1S) meson in the radiative decay of the Υ(2S) resonance using a sample of 91.6 × 10^6 Υ(2S) events recorded with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II B factory at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. We observe a peak in the photon energy spectrum at E_γ = 609.3^(+4.6)_(-4.5)(stat)±1.9(syst) MeV, corresponding to an η_b(1S) mass of 9394.2^(+4.8)_(-4.9)(stat) ± 2.0(syst) MeV/c^2. The branching fraction for the decay Υ(2S) → γη_b(1S) is determined to be [3.9 ± 1.1(stat)^(+1.1)_(-0.9)(syst)] × 10^(-4). We find the ratio of branching fractions B[Υ(2S) → γη_b(1S)]/B[Υ(3S) → γη_b(1S)]= 0.82 ± 0.24(stat)^(+0.20)_(-0.19)(syst)
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