Biological Flora of the British Isles: Sorbus torminalis

1.This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz (Wild Service-tree) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, and conservation.2.Sorbus torminalis is an uncommon, mostly small tree (but can reach 33 m) native to lowland England and Wales, and temperate and Mediterranean regions of mainland Europe. It is the most shade-tolerant member of the genus in the British Isles and as a result it is more closely associated with woodland than any other British species. Like other British Sorbus species, however, it grows best where competition for space and sunlight is limited. Seedlings are shade tolerant but adults are only moderately so. This, combined with its low competitive ability, restricts the best growth to open areas. In shade, saplings and young adults form a sapling bank, showing reproduction and extensive growth only when released. Sorbus torminalis tolerates a wide range of soil reaction (pH 3.5-8.0) but grows best on calcareous clays and thin soils over limestone.3.Sorbus torminalis is a sexual, diploid, non-apomictic species that has hybridised with a number of other Sorbus species to form microspecies. The hermaphrodite flowers are primarily insect pollinated. Seed production is reliable only in warm years, especially at the edge of its range, although even then seed viability is low. The fruits are primarily dispersed by carnivorous mammals. Seeds display embryo dormancy but most will germinate the first spring after falling.4.This tree is very tolerant of short droughts but only moderately tolerant of frost, hence its southerly and lowland distribution. It faces no particular individual threats although the small size of most populations makes it susceptible to habitat loss and fragmentation, particularly through the loss of open coppiced areas. As a consequence it appears to be declining throughout Britain and Europe despite its wide range of historical uses and the high value of its timber. The extent to which these losses will be offset by increases due to climate change is unknown.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

MODERN ACHIEVEMENTS IN EARLY NEONATAL FEEDING OF PRETERM INFANTS

The article focuses on the issue regarding the survival, preservation of life, health and neuropsychic development of infants with extremely low birth weight. 25 preterm infants aged 0 to 4 weeks were studied. The inclusion criteria were infants aged 28–34 weeks of gestation, with weights ranging from 1,000 to 1,850 g. Enteral feeding consisted of specialized formula with prebiotics (6 hours after birth through a drip feeding tube), increasing to 150 ml/kg a day by the age of 10–12 days. The study results demonstrated that the maximum weight loss was recorded on day 4,0 ± 1,5. The original body weight was restored, on average, on day 13. The average daily weight gain was 14,0 g/kg a day which evidenced good digestion of nutrients and high energy value of the formula. The results of lab tests showed a reduced level of nonesterified fatty acides, a slow waning of _-fetoprotein synthesis. Using a special formula with prebiotics on this category of infants, therefore, provides optimal rate of body weight growth and models protein lipid metabolism in blood serum after the anabolic pattern. Key words: preterm infants, infants with extremely low birth weight, feeding, special care. (Pediatric Pharmacology. – 2010; 7(5):78-81

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ РАННЕГО НЕОНАТАЛЬНОГО ПИТАНИЯ НЕДОНОШЕННЫХ ДЕТЕЙ

The article focuses on the issue regarding the survival, preservation of life, health and neuropsychic development of infants with extremely low birth weight. 25 preterm infants aged 0 to 4 weeks were studied. The inclusion criteria were infants aged 28–34 weeks of gestation, with weights ranging from 1,000 to 1,850 g. Enteral feeding consisted of specialized formula with prebiotics (6 hours after birth through a drip feeding tube), increasing to 150 ml/kg a day by the age of 10–12 days. The study results demonstrated that the maximum weight loss was recorded on day 4,0 ± 1,5. The original body weight was restored, on average, on day 13. The average daily weight gain was 14,0 g/kg a day which evidenced good digestion of nutrients and high energy value of the formula. The results of lab tests showed a reduced level of nonesterified fatty acides, a slow waning of _-fetoprotein synthesis. Using a special formula with prebiotics on this category of infants, therefore, provides optimal rate of body weight growth and models protein lipid metabolism in blood serum after the anabolic pattern. Key words: preterm infants, infants with extremely low birth weight, feeding, special care. (Pediatric Pharmacology. – 2010; 7(5):78-81)Статья посвящена проблеме выхаживания, сохранения жизни, здоровья и нервно-психического развития детей с экстремально низкой массой тела при рождении. Были обследованы 25 недоношенных детей в возрасте от 0 до 4 недель жизни. Критериями включения были дети 28–34 недель гестации, массой тела от 1000 до 1850 г. Энтеральное питание состояло из специализированной смеси с пребиотиками (через 6 ч после рождения через зонд капельно), с достижением к возрасту 10–12 суток объема 150 мл/кг в сут. По результатам наблюдения, максимальная потеря массы тела отмечалась на 4,0 ± 1,5 сутки. Восстановление первоначальной массы тела происходило, в среднем, на 13-е сутки. Среднесуточная прибавка массы составляла 14,0 г/кг в сут, что свидетельствовало о хорошем усвоении пищевых веществ и высокой энергетической ценности смеси. По результатам лабораторных исследований было отмечено снижение уровня неэстерифицированных жирных кислот, медленное угасание синтеза_фетопротеина. Таким образом, использование специализированной смеси с пребиотиками у данной категории младенцев обеспечивает оптимальные темпы нарастания массы тела и моделирует показатели белково-липидного метаболизма в сыворотке крови по анаболическому варианту. Ключевые слова: недоношенные дети, дети с экстремально низкой массой тела при рождении, вскармливание, выхаживание. (Педиатрическая фармакология. – 2010; 7(5): 78-81