Special Relativistic Simulations of Magnetically-dominated Jets in Collapsing Massive Stars

We perform a series of two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic core-collapse simulations of rapidly rotating and strongly magnetized massive stars. To study the properties of magnetic explosions for a longer time stretch of postbounce evolution, we develop a new code under the framework of special relativity including a realistic equation of state with a multiflavor neutrino leakage scheme. Our results show the generation of the magnetically-dominated jets in the two ways. One is launched just after the core-bounce in a prompt way and another is launched at $\sim 100$ ms after the stall of the prompt shock. We find that the shock-revival occurs when the magnetic pressure becomes strong, due to the field wrapping, enough to overwhelm the ram pressure of the accreting matter. The critical toroidal magnetic fields for the magnetic shock-revival are found to be universal of $\sim 10^{15}\mathrm{G}$ behind the jets. We point out that the time difference before the shock-revival has a strong correlation with the explosions energies. Our results suggest that the magnetically dominated jets are accompanied by the formation of the magnetars. Since the jets are mildly relativistic, we speculate that they might be the origin of some observed X-ray flashes.Comment: 50 pages, 14 figures, Accepted to ApJ, A paper with high-resolution figures available at http://www-utap.phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~takiwaki/res/index-j.htm

Host selection of hematophagous leeches (Haemadipsa japonica): Implications for iDNA studies

The development of an efficient and cost‐effective method for monitoring animal populations or biodiversity is urgently needed, and invertebrate‐derived DNA (iDNA) may offer a promising tool for assessing the diversity and other ecological information of vertebrates. We studied the host species of a hematophagous leech (Haemadipsa japonica) in Yakushima by genetic barcoding and compared the results with those for mammal composition revealed by camera trapping. We analyzed 119 samples using two sets of primers by Sanger sequencing and one set of primer by next generation sequencing. The proportion of the samples that were successfully sequenced and identified to at least one species was 11.8–24.3%, depending on the three different methods. In all of these three methods, most of the samples were identified as sika deer (18/20, 6/15 and 16/29) or human (2/20, 7/15 and 21/29). The nonhuman mammal host species composition was significantly different from that estimated by camera trapping. Sika deer was the main host, which may be related with their high abundance, large body size and terrestriality. Ten samples included DNA derived from multiple species of vertebrates. This may be due to the contamination of human DNA, but we also found DNA from deer, Japanese macaque and a frog in the same samples, suggesting the mixture of the two meals in the gut of the leech. Using H. japonica‐derived iDNA would not be suitable to make an inventory of species, but it may be useful to collect genetic information on the targeted species, due to their high host selectivity

2017 年度臨地実習におけるルーブリックを用いた看護技術到達度の学生自己評価の報告

報告Reports　学生が卒業までに修得すべき看護技術について、技術内容の評価基準を明確化したルーブリックによる質的な評価表を作成した。学生がルーブリックによる自己評価を記録し教員と共有するICT システムを作成し、臨地実習にて学生の技術到達度の確認と指導に活用した。現状の教育内容の成果と課題を明確にするために、2017 年度秋セメスターから2018 年度春セメスターに行われた臨地実習期間に入力された自己評価データを集計し、学生の技術修得状況を確認した。結果からは、臨地実習や学内演習での繰り返しの実践によって高い到達度評価が得られている技術項目が存在する一方で、臨地実習での実践や経験の機会が限られる項目に関しては、評価のレベルが上がらない傾向がみられた。また臨地実習を進めながらの142 項目の技術評価は学生・教員とも負担が大きく、自己評価の更新頻度を向上させ学生の実態を客観的に把握するためには技術項目の精選による絞り込みが必要と考えられる

Changes in activity and transcript level of liver and gill metabolic enzymes during smoltification in wild and hatchery-reared masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou)

It is important for success of the masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, stock enhancement program in Hokkaido (northern Japan) to demonstrate physiological problems in hatchery-reared (hatchery) smolt for artificial release. The present study examined changes in liver and gill metabolic parameters in wild and hatchery masu salmon during smoltification and elucidated differences in hepatic and gill metabolism between wild and hatchery fish. As reference to freshwater-adapted wild and hatchery smolt in this study, metabolic parameters of coastal smolt were studied. Yearling wild and hatchery smolting fish were collected from the Ken-ichi River and the Donan Research Branch, which used Ken-ichi river water for fish culture, at the same time every month from March through May, 2008. Coastal smolts were caught from Nemuro Bay of Hokkaido in June. Decreased hepatic glycogen content during smoltification, which was observed in wild fish and revealed activation of glycogenolysis, was not found in hatchery fish. Hatchery fish demonstrated a positive change in hepatic ATP content during smoltification, while wild fish showed negative change in the content, which reflected activated consumption of hepatic ATP stores during smoltification. Increases in gill pyruvate kinase activity during smoltification, which were found in wild fish and indicated activation of glycolysis, were not detected in hatchery fish. There was a difference in increased timing of hepatic citrate synthase activity during smoltification between hatchery and wild fish. Increased gill citrate synthase activity during smoltification, which was observed in wild fish and reflected enhancement of the citric acid cycle, was not found in hatchery fish. Hatchery smolt revealed lower liver cytochrome c oxidase activity and transcript levels of some respiratory chain enzymes compared to wild smolt in May, which suggested lower respiratory chain capacity in hatchery fish at mid-smolt stage. On the other hand, there were no remarkable differences in hepatic and gill 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase related to lipolysis and creatine kinase activities, which operate in resolution of creatine phosphate, during smoltification between hatchery and wild fish. These results suggested hatchery masu salmon had some metabolic problems with carbohydrate metabolism, the citric acid cycle, and the respiratory chain. Our study will give valuable information to improve physiological quality of hatchery smolt for artificial release

Additional file 2: Figure S2. of Enhancement of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis due to acquisition of gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer: effect of CXCR4 antagonists

Quantification of immunostaining of CXCR4 and CXCL12 protein by digital image analysis. (A) The number of CXCR4 immunoreactive cells in mouse specimens was expressed as a percentage of the total number of cells that were randomly counted in 10 fields at × 400 magnification. Furthermore, for each image, the color deconvolution method was used to isolate CXCL12-positive DAB-stained cells from CXCL12-negative hematoxylin-stained cells. The measurement parameter was IOD. Optical density was calibrated and the area of interest was set as follows: hue, 0–30; saturation, 0–255; intensity, 0–255. (B) The values were determined, and the IOD was log10 transformed. Values are expressed as means ± SD. Multiple comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test, **, P < 0.01; *, P < 0.05. (JPG 295 kb