Исследование влияния энергетических параметров бумаги специального назначения на ее стойкость к загрязнению в обороте

Метою роботи було дослідження механізму адгезії забруднювальних агентів на поверхні паперу спеціального призначення. Дослідження показало, що папір з більшою стійкістю до забруднення має більш низькоенергетичну поверхню.All the stages of deterioration of banknotes in circulation include interaction of banknote paper base with soil, predomination majority of which are: soluble, emulsified, dispersed or suspended soil, when particles are dispensed in water or oil environment. That is why adhesion mechanism plays important role in forming of surface-contaminant layer. Purpose of this work was to investigate mechanism of contaminant adhesion on the special purpose paper surface. Paper surface energy parameters for paper of the Arjo Wiggins, which have heightened stability to deterioration, were investigated. New banknotes of paper for real circulation also were investigated. Energy parameters of special purpose paper surface research showed that paper with better immunity to dirt has more low-energy surface comparing to less immunity to dirt. Polarity of paper for real circulation surface 11 % higher than Arjo Wiggins paper. Meanwhile Arjo Wiggins paper surface tension almost 46 % higher, substantially because of polar component. Watering angle and steeping in ethylene glycol are also less than of paper for real circulation.Целью работы было исследование механизма адгезии загрязняющих агентов на поверхности бумаги специального назначения. Исследование показало, что бумага с большей стойкостью к загрязнениям имеет более низкоэнергетическую поверхность

Комплексная оценка показателей изнашивания банкнот украинской гривны в условиях реального оборота

Дослідження банкнот, що перебували в умовах реального обігу, є основою для висновків щодо зносостійкості банкнот в цілому, розподілу банкнот за якістю в готівковій масі, а також кореляції між режимами обробки банкнот в імітаторах зношування та реальним станом банкнот у відповідний період. Для організації досліджень зношування банкнот вкрай важливим є встановлення методів оцінки зношування з найкращими показниками точності. Було досліджено вибірки банкнот 1 грн та 2 грн зі сховища Національного банку України. Розмір кожної вибірки становив 1010 шт. У відповідності з методом відбору - методом комбінованого багатощаблевого відбору, який поєднує стратифікований (районований) відбір та, на останньому етапі, безповторний випадковий відбір. Кожна вибірка була розсортована на десять груп відповідно до ступеню зношування. Було досліджено тринадцять показників зношування (яскравість, пористість, шорсткість, нульова розривна довжина, жорсткість (різними методами), стійкість крайки до надриву тощо) для груп банкнот найкращої якості (New) та найбільш зношених (Absolutely unfit). Було визначено показники точності для всіх показників зношування. Запропоновано встановити рейтинг показників зношування, використовуючи сумісну оцінку, що враховує зміну показника в результаті зношування, відносну похибку для нових банкнот та відносну похибку для зношених банкнот. Найвищу оцінку отримали такі показники зношування як шорсткість (за Бендстеном) та жорсткість (методом резонансу).Research of banknotes, which were in a real use conditions, are the basis for conclusions regarding the durability of banknotes in general, the distribution of the quality of banknotes in the money supply, as well as the correlation between modes of processing of banknotes in simulators and the actual state of wear of banknotes in the period. For organizing research of notes deterioration it is very important to identify the deterioration measurement methods which demonstrate the highest accuracy indices. The samples of taken from central bank stock 1 hryvnia and 2 hryvnia notes have been studied. The size of each sample was 1010 ps. In accordance with sampling method of combination of multistage sampling, which will combine stratified (homologated) selection, and nonrepeating random selection at the last stage. Each sample was sorted to ten groups of quality from the point of view of deterioration. The groups of best quality (New) and the worst quality (Absolutely unfit) were examined by measuring of thirteen deterioration characteristics such as brightness, porosity, surface roughness, zero-span breaking strength, edge tearing resistance, stiffness (different methods) etc. The different accuracy indices for each deterioration characteristics were established. It was proposed to range deterioration characteristics using simultaneous estimation by taking into account the variation of characteristics during deterioration, relative error for new banknote and relative error for absolutely unfit banknote. The best rated methods are surface roughness (Bendsten method) and stiffness (resonance method).Исследования банкнот, находившихся в условиях реального обращения, является основой для выводов о износостойкости банкнот в целом, распределения банкнот по качеству в наличной массе, а также корреляции между режимами обработки банкнот в имитаторах износа и реальным состоянием банкнот в соответствующий период. Для организации исследований износа банкнот крайне важным является установление методов оценки износа с наилучшими показателями точности. Было исследовано выборки банкнот 1 грн и 2 грн из хранилища Национального банка Украины. Размер каждой выборки составил 1010 шт. в соответствии с методом отбора - методом комбинированного многоступенчатого отбора, который сочетает стратифицированный (районированный) отбор и на последнем этапе, бесповторный случайный отбор. Каждая выборка была рассортирована на десять групп согласно степени износа. Было исследовано тринадцать показателей износа (яркость, пористость, шероховатость, нулевая разрывная длина, жесткость (разными методами), устойчивость кромки до надрыва и т.д.) для групп банкнот наилучшего качества (New) и наиболее изношенных (Absolutely unfit). Были определены показатели точности для всех показателей износа. Предложено установить рейтинг показателей износа, используя совместную оценку, учитывающую изменение показателя в результате износа, относительную погрешность для новых банкнот и относительную погрешность для изношенных банкнот. Наивысшую оценку получили такие показатели износа как шероховатость (по Бендстену) и жесткость (методом резонанса)

On the pitfalls of conceptualizing excessive physical exercise as an addictive disorder: Commentary on Dinardi et al. (2021).

This commentary challenges some of the proposals made in the opinion paper entitled "The expanded interactional model of exercise addiction" by Dinardi, Egorov, and Szabo (2021). We first question the usefulness of the (expanded) interactional model of exercise addiction to determine the psychological processes underlying distress and functional impairment in excessive physical exercise. We then consider the authors' use of the Self-Determination Theory to model exercise addiction, which risks the misclassification of strenuous, but adaptive, patterns of physical exercise as exercise addiction. We finally address broader concerns regarding the idea that maladaptive exercising could be conceptualized as an addictive disorder

Operational safety enhancement of Soviet-designed nuclear reactors via development of nuclear power plant simulators and transfer of related technology

The US Department of Energy (DOE), under the US government`s International Nuclear Safety Program (INSP), is implementing a program of developing and providing simulators for many of the Russian and Ukrainian Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) manage and provide technical oversight of the various INSP simulator projects for DOE. The program also includes a simulator technology transfer process to simulator design organizations in Russia and Ukraine. Training programs, installation of new simulators, and enhancements in existing simulators are viewed as providing a relatively fast and cost-effective technology transfer that will result in measurable improvement in the safety culture and operation of NPPs. A review of this program, its present status, and its accomplishments are provided in this paper

Analyzing the BWR rod drop accident in high-burnup cores

This study was undertaken for the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission to determine the fuel enthalpy during a rod drop accident (RDA) for cores with high burnup fuel. The calculations were done with the RAMONA-4B code which models the core with 3-dimensional neutron kinetics and multiple parallel coolant channels. The calculations were done with a model for a BWR/4 with fuel bundles having burnups up to 30 GWd/t and also with a model with bundle burnups to 60 GWd/t. This paper also discusses potential sources of uncertainty in calculations with high burnup fuel. One source is the ``rim`` effect which is the extra large peaking of the power distribution at the surface of the pellet. This increases the uncertainty in reactor physics and heat conduction models that assume that the energy deposition has a less peaked spatial distribution. Two other sources of uncertainty are the result of the delayed neutron fraction decreasing with burnup and the positive moderator temperature feedback increasing with burnup. Since these effects tend to increase the severity of the event, an RDA calculation for high burnup fuel will underpredict the fuel enthalpy if the effects are not properly taken into account. Other sources of uncertainty that are important come from the initial conditions chosen for the RDA. This includes the initial control rod pattern as well as the initial thermal-hydraulic conditions

The effect of the presence of gold nanoparticles on the laser induced breakdown in argon gas

Noble metal nanoparticles can greatly affect the sensitivity and selectivity of many spectroscopic techniques, thus they are widely used in the analytical chemistry. In this current study we investigated the effects of the presence of gold nanoparticles on the formation of laserinduced breakdown plasmas in argon gas

Probability and consequences of a rapid boron dilution sequence in a PWR

The reactor restart scenario is one of several beyond-design-basis events in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) which can lead to rapid boron dilution in the core. This in turn can lead to a power excursion and the potential for fuel damage. A probabilistic analysis had been done for this event for a European PWR. The estimated core damage frequency was found to be high partially because of a high frequency for a LOOP and assumptions regarding operator actions. As a result, a program of analysis and experiment was initiated and corrective actions were taken. A system was installed so that the suction of the charging pumps would switch to the highly borated refueling water storage tank (RWST) when there was a trip of the RCPs. This was felt to reduce the estimated core damage frequency to an acceptable level. In the US, this original study prompted the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to issue an information notice to follow work being done in this area and to initiate studies such as the work at BNL reported herein. In order to see if the core damage frequency might be as high in US plants, a probabilistic assessment of this scenario was done for three plants. Two important conservative assumptions in this analysis were that (1) the mixing of the injectant was insignificant and (2) fuel damage occurs when the slug passes through the core. In order to study the first assumption, analysis was carried out for two of the plants using a mixing model. The second assumption was studied by calculating the neutronic response of the core to a slug of deborated water for one of the plants. All three types of analyses are summarized below. More information is available in the original report

‘Not dead … abandoned’ – a clinical case study of childhood and combat-related trauma

This clinical case study examines inter-subjective processes with a counselling client who presented with symptoms of complex trauma including severe anxiety, low mood, dissociation and suicidality. Therapy lasted 12 months and the ending was unplanned. Psychoanalytic and phenomenological hermeneutic frameworks are drawn on in theorizing the work. From this perspective, loss associated with trauma is conceptualized as relational, as traumatic states threaten psychological organization and the continuing experience of relational ties that are needed for survival. Dissociation is understood as a defensive state that changes the way that temporality is experienced. The client’s capacity for dissociation appeared to have developed in early childhood in response to physical abuse, predisposing him to further ongoing and severe trauma as an adult soldier. There will be a focus on the way that dissociation and enactment in the therapeutic relationship limited the therapist’s capacity to provide the client with inter-subjective regulation of disavowed affect. The client’s unconscious experience of unbearable affect led to a breakdown of the therapeutic relationship and the termination of therapy. Detailed session and supervision notes, and correspondence received from the client were used to evaluate theory and practice links, as well as some methodological aspects of case study research