センソウ タイケンシャ ヘ ノ キョウカン ガ モツ キョウイク ジッセン ジョウ ノ イミ ト カダイ

戦後日本の平和教育実践の特徴の一つとして，戦争体験者の心情を理解すること，すなわち戦争体験者に共感することを生徒たちに求めてきた点が挙げられる．このような教育実践の前提となっているのは，戦争体験者の心情を，戦争を体験していない人々が理解できるという思考である．こうした思考が問題とされるのは，他者である戦争体験者の心情を，戦争を体験していない人々が望ましいと思う方向に沿うよう解釈し，操作してしまう危険性があるためだ．こうした問題を指摘した先行研究では，他者の心情を自らの都合に即して領有しないための作法として，他者を理解できないという苦しみを引き受けることが提案されている．しかしながら，こうした先行研究の批判もまた，他者の心情に配慮することを重視している点においては同様であり，そうした心情理解を超えて，戦争の構造を理解するという今日の平和教育の課題が看過されてしまうという問題を抱えている．本論文は，戦争の記憶を継承するにあたり，共感作用を積極的に取り入れている教育実践や，その実践に対する先行研究の批判を検討することを通して，平和教育実践における今日的課題を指摘する．Peace education in Japanese schools has a certain singular characteristics such that teachers often tend to let (make) students sympathize with war survivors. The implicit belief driving this tendency is that those who do not have any experience of war should and can sympathize with war survivors; this type of sympathy must be the aim of peace education. However, this type of sympathy is problematic in ways that might endanger the very enterprise of peace education. For example, such peace education has come to foster feelings of resentment toward war, and hope for peace, in many students. Previous researchers who have criticized such peace education practices say that people who do not have any experience of war can not understand the feelings of war survivors. In reviewing modern peace education however, it is important to explore additional problems resulting from the emphasis on sympathy with war survivors. This paper thus aims to identify some of these contemporary problems of peace education taught in Japanese schools. To do this, I first picked up some representative practices from various eras in postwar Japan, which exemplify the ways in which peace education emphasizes sympathy with war survivors. I also considered problems in previous research criticizing peace education

WOOD ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND DENSITY OF Tachigali aubl SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE SOUTHEASTERN PERUVIAN AMAZON FOREST

Tropical forests are subject to high biodiversity loss, despite their importance. However, technological studies of wood from native species are still insufficient. Knowing the technological information of the wood of more species is essential to incorporation non-traditional species into the list of commercial species and reduce the impact of these species. The techniques for collecting non-destructive wood samples from tree trunks are cheap and fast and can provide this knowledge. Here, the technological properties of the wood of three forest species of the genus Tachigali in the southeastern Amazon of Peru have been evaluated: T. alba, T. chrysaloides and T. vasquezii, using the non-destructive collection technique with a Pressler probe. Anatomical characterization and the determination of the physical properties of the woods were carried out and they were grouped according to this technical information to determine the most appropriate uses. The results show that the three species presented vasicentric paratracheal parenchyma, with basic density ranging from 0.49 to 0.77 g/cm3; finally, based on Principal Component Analysis, it allowed us to characterize two groups and determine their most appropriate use. The application of non-destructive methodologies in other species will be able to expand the technological  knowledge of native species wood quickly and economically. This type of information is vitally important to support the forest management of tropical forests and increase the list of commercial species

Design of the polarization multi-pass Thomson scattering system

A novel configuration of the multi-pass Thomson scattering (TS) system is proposed to improve the time resolution and accuracy of electron temperature measurements by use of a polarization control technique. This configuration can realize a perfect coaxial multi-passing at each pass, and the number of round trips is not limited by the optical configuration. To confirm the feasibility of the new method, we installed this system in the GAMMA 10 plasma system. As a result, the integrated scattering signal of the double-pass configuration is about two times larger than that of the single-pass configuration. These results are in good agreement with the design