55 research outputs found
Synoptic Sky Surveys and the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background: Removing Astrophysical Uncertainties and Revealing Invisible Supernovae
The cumulative (anti)neutrino production from all core-collapse supernovae
within our cosmic horizon gives rise to the diffuse supernova neutrino
background (DSNB), which is on the verge of detectability. The observed flux
depends on supernova physics, but also on the cosmic history of supernova
explosions; currently, the cosmic supernova rate introduces a substantial
(+/-40%) uncertainty, largely through its absolute normalization. However, a
new class of wide-field, repeated-scan (synoptic) optical sky surveys is coming
online, and will map the sky in the time domain with unprecedented depth,
completeness, and dynamic range. We show that these surveys will obtain the
cosmic supernova rate by direct counting, in an unbiased way and with high
statistics, and thus will allow for precise predictions of the DSNB. Upcoming
sky surveys will substantially reduce the uncertainties in the DSNB source
history to an anticipated +/-5% that is dominated by systematics, so that the
observed high-energy flux thus will test supernova neutrino physics. The
portion of the universe (z < 1) accessible to upcoming sky surveys includes the
progenitors of a large fraction (~ 87%) of the expected 10-26 MeV DSNB event
rate. We show that precision determination of the (optically detected) cosmic
supernova history will also make the DSNB into a strong probe of an extra flux
of neutrinos from optically invisible supernovae, which may be unseen either
due to unexpected large dust obscuration in host galaxies, or because some
core-collapse events proceed directly to black hole formation and fail to give
an optical outburst.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure
Core Competencies for Integrative Medicine Fellowship Training Programs
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140347/1/acm.2014.5258.abstract.pd
Hydration versus N-acetylcysteine for protection of renal function in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
A Clarion Call for Large-Scale Collaborative Studies of Pediatric Proton Therap
Surveying the Dynamic Radio Sky with the Long Wavelength Demonstrator Array
This paper presents a search for radio transients at a frequency of 73.8 MHz
(4 m wavelength) using the all-sky imaging capabilities of the Long Wavelength
Demonstrator Array (LWDA). The LWDA was a 16-dipole phased array telescope,
located on the site of the Very Large Array in New Mexico. The field of view of
the individual dipoles was essentially the entire sky, and the number of
dipoles was sufficiently small that a simple software correlator could be used
to make all-sky images. From 2006 October to 2007 February, we conducted an
all-sky transient search program, acquiring a total of 106 hr of data; the time
sampling varied, being 5 minutes at the start of the program and improving to 2
minutes by the end of the program. We were able to detect solar flares, and in
a special-purpose mode, radio reflections from ionized meteor trails during the
2006 Leonid meteor shower. We detected no transients originating outside of the
solar system above a flux density limit of 500 Jy, equivalent to a limit of no
more than about 10^{-2} events/yr/deg^2, having a pulse energy density >~ 1.5 x
10^{-20} J/m^2/Hz at 73.8 MHz for pulse widths of about 300 s. This event rate
is comparable to that determined from previous all-sky transient searches, but
at a lower frequency than most previous all-sky searches. We believe that the
LWDA illustrates how an all-sky imaging mode could be a useful operational
model for low-frequency instruments such as the Low Frequency Array, the Long
Wavelength Array station, the low-frequency component of the Square Kilometre
Array, and potentially the Lunar Radio Array.Comment: 20 pages; accepted for publication in A
Decreased aortic growth and middle aortic syndrome in patients with neuroblastoma after radiation therapy
Background: Long-term CT follow-up studies are required in pediatric patients who have received intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) to assess vascular toxicities and to determine the exact complication rate. Objective: To analyze with CT the effects of radiation therapy (RT) on the growth of the aorta in neuroblastoma patients.Materials and methods Abdominal CT scans of 31 patients with intraabdominal neuroblastoma (stage II–IV), treated with RT (20 IORT±EBRT, 11 EBRT alone), were analyzed retrospectively. The diameter of the abdominal aorta was measured before and after RT. These data were compared to normal and predicted normal aortic diameters of children, according to the model of Fitzgerald, Donaldson and Poznanski (aortic diameter in centimeters = 0.844 + 0.0599 × age in years), and to the diameters of a control group of children who had not undergone RT. Statistical analyses for the primary aims were performed using the chi-squared test, t-test, Mann-Whitney test, nonparametric Wilcoxon matched-pairs test and analysis of variance for repeated measures. Clinical files and imaging studies were evaluated for signs of late vascular complications of neuroblastoma patients who had received RT. Results: The mean diameter before and after RT and the growth of the aorta were significantly lower than expected in patients with neuroblastoma (P<0.05 for each) and when compared to the growth in a control group with normal and nonirradiated aortas. Among the patients who had received RT, there was no difference due to the type of RT. Seven patients from the IORT±EBRT group developed vascular complications, which included hypertension (five), middle aortic syndrome (two), death due to mesenteric ischemia (one) and critical aortic stenosis, which required aortic bypass surgery (two).Conclusion Patients with neuroblastoma who had received RT showed impaired growth of the abdominal aorta. Significant long-term vascular complications occurred in seven patients who received IORT±EBRT. Thus, CT evaluation of patients with neuroblastoma who receive RT should include not only reports of changes in tumor extension, but also documentation of perfusion, and the size and growth of the aorta and its branches over time
The nature of bilateral supernova remnants
We present high-resolution radio images at 1.4 GHz of two Galactic supernova
remnants (SNRs), G003.8--00.3 (formerly G003.7--00.2) and G350.0--02.0
(formerly G350.0-01.8). Although the two objects are very different in
appearance, in both cases the radio emission shows a clear bilateral (or
``barrel'') morphology for which the axis is parallel to the Galactic Plane.
The majority of Galactic SNRs have now been observed at high resolution, and
one can define a clear bilateral subset of the population. We consider a sample
of 17 such SNRs, and find a highly significant tendency for the bilateral axes
of these SNRs to be aligned with the Galactic Plane. We interpret this as
indicating that ``extrinsic'' effects dominate the morphology of such remnants.
Specifically, we argue that the Galactic magnetic field causes these SNRs to
appear bilateral, either directly, in the form of magnetic field compression
and/or quasi-perpendicular acceleration of electrons in the supernova shock, or
more likely indirectly, by pre-processing the interstellar medium to produce
density stratifications extended along the Plane.Comment: 35 pages (requires aaspp4.sty), 11 JPG figures, 2 PS figures.
Accepted to "The Astrophysical Journal
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An Expanded Approach to the Ascertainment of Children and Youth With Special Health Care Needs
To describe the prevalence, characteristics, and health-related outcomes of children with diagnosed health conditions and functional difficulties who do not meet criteria for having a special health care need based on the traditional scoring of the Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Screener.
Data come from the 2016 to 2021 National Survey of Children's Health (n = 225 443). Child characteristics and health-related outcomes were compared among 4 mutually exclusive groups defined by CSHCN Screener criteria and the presence of both conditions and difficulties.
Among children who do not qualify as children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN) on the CSHCN Screener, 6.8% had ≥1 condition and ≥1 difficulty. These children were more likely than CYSHCN to be younger, female, Hispanic, uninsured, privately insured, living in a household with low educational attainment, have families with more children and a primary household language other than English. After adjustment, non-CYSHCN with ≥1 conditions and ≥1 difficulty were less likely than CYSHCN, but significantly more likely than other non-CYSHCN, to have ≥2 emergency department visits, have unmet health care needs, not meet flourishing criteria, live in families that experienced child health-related employment impacts and frustration accessing services. Including these children in the calculation of CYSHCN prevalence increases the national estimate from 19.1% to 24.6%.
Approximately 4 million children have both a diagnosed health condition and functional difficulties but are not identified as CYSHCN. An expanded approach to identify CYSHCN may better align program and policy with population needs
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