A Comparative Study on Teacher Training and Education (1) : A Case of The Third Republic of France

　本稿では，教員養成の比較発達史研究の一環としてフランス第三共和政初期の初等教員養成にかかわる思想と制度に，同時期のドイツ（プロイセン）から如何なる影響関係が見られたか，個別事例的に検討した。その結果，第三共和政初期における教育改革のキー・パースンとなる人物を通して，ドイツを含む近隣諸国から試補教員制度が導入・実施されたことが確認された。また，同時期の教員用マニュアルや教員志願者用テキスト（教育学）は同じキー・パースンが紹介した「直観的方法（直観教授）」を忠実に解説しており，この時点でフランスもまたペスタロッチ主義（開発主義）の強い影響を受けていたことが確認された

A Comparative Study on Teacher Training and Education (3): An Elementary School Teacher Reading a German Educational Book in the Meiji Period

　近代日本の国民教育とそれを支える教師の養成教育は，日本に独自的であり，同時に世界的動向の影響のなかに展開されるものであった。日本の教育は，西洋の教育をどう摂取したのか。とりわけドイツの教育の影響について，その一断面を，明治期の地方の一小学校教師が所持したドイツ教育書の内容と，その読書の跡の分析を通じて明らかにする。この事例の検討から，国民教育の実践者としての教師が，ヘルバルト主義教育に接し，その日本的受容を果たしていたことを示す

A Comparative Study on Teacher Training and Education (2): The Establishment of Teacher Training for Elementary Schools in Imperial Russia

　本論は，教員養成（師範教育）におけるジャーマン・インパクトという視角に留意しながら，各国が19-20世紀の国際関係のなかでどのように教員を養成したのかに関する比較発達史的に分析しようとする研究の一部をなす。帝政ロシアでは，クリミア戦争の敗北と国家財政の破綻を背景として，1850年代後半より，国家・社会の近代化に向けた取組が本格化した。そうした中，農奴解放に伴う初等学校網の拡大に対応するため，初等学校教員を養成する事業が政府主導で進められた。具体的には，主にプロイセンをモデルとして，教員セミナリア（1870年）と師範学校（1872年）が設立され，帝政ロシアの初等学校教員の養成に中心的な役割を担った。ただし，当時の初等学校教員の養成において，ヘルバルトの教育思想又はヘルバルト主義教育が，何らかの特別な位置づけがなされていたわけでなかった

Autonomous : Semi-autonomous Navigation System of a Wheelchair by Active Ultrasonic Beacons

金沢大学工学

Dinosaur eggshells from the Santonian Milk River Formation of Alberta, Canada

The North American fossil record of dinosaur eggshells for the Cretaceous is primarily restricted to formations of the middle (Albian–Cenomanian) and uppermost (Campanian–Maastrichtian) stages, with a large gap in the record for intermediate stages. Here we describe a dinosaur eggshell assemblage from a formation that represents an intermediate and poorly fossiliferous stage of the Upper Cretaceous, the Santonian Milk River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. The Milk River eggshell assemblage contains five eggshell taxa: Continuoolithus, Porituberoolithus, Prismatoolithus, Spheroolithus, and Triprismatoolithus. These ootaxa are most similar to those reported from younger Campanian–Maastrichtian formations of the northern Western Interior than they are to ootaxa reported from older middle Cretaceous formations (i.e., predominantly Macroelongatoolithus). Characteristics of the Milk River ootaxa indicate that they are ascribable to at least one ornithopod and four small theropod species. The taxonomic affinity of the eggshell assemblage is consistent with the dinosaur fauna known based on isolated teeth and fragmentary skeletal remains from the formation, although most ornithischians and large theropods are not represented by eggshell. Relative to the Milk River Formation eggshell, similar oospecies occurring in younger Cretaceous deposits tend to be somewhat thicker, which may reflect an increase in body size of various dinosaur lineages during the Late Cretaceous.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC

A novel indole compound MA-35 attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting both TNF-α and TGF-β1 pathways

Renal fibrosis is closely related to chronic inflammation and is under the control of epigenetic regulations. Because the signaling of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) play key roles in progression of renal fibrosis, dual blockade of TGF-β1 and TNF-α is desired as its therapeutic approach. Here we screened small molecules showing anti-TNF-α activity in the compound library of indole derivatives. 11 out of 41 indole derivatives inhibited the TNF-α effect. Among them, Mitochonic Acid 35 (MA-35), 5-(3, 5-dimethoxybenzyloxy)-3-indoleacetic acid, showed the potent effect. The anti-TNF-α activity was mediated by inhibiting IκB kinase phosphorylation, which attenuated the LPS/GaIN-induced hepatic inflammation in the mice. Additionally, MA-35 concurrently showed an anti-TGF-β1 effect by inhibiting Smad3 phosphorylation, resulting in the downregulation of TGF-β1-induced fibrotic gene expression. In unilateral ureter obstructed mouse kidney, which is a renal fibrosis model, MA-35 attenuated renal inflammation and fibrosis with the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and fibrotic gene expressions. Furthermore, MA-35 inhibited TGF-β1-induced H3K4me1 histone modification of the fibrotic gene promoter, leading to a decrease in the fibrotic gene expression. MA-35 affects multiple signaling pathways involved in the fibrosis and may recover epigenetic modification; therefore, it could possibly be a novel therapeutic drug for fibrosis

Post-natal parental care in a Cretaceous diapsid from northeastern China

Post-natal parental care seems to have evolved numerous times in vertebrates. Among extant amniotes, it is present in crocodilians, birds, and mammals. However, evidence of this behavior is extremely rare in the fossil record and is only reported for two types of dinosaurs, and a varanopid ‘pelycosaur’. Here we report new evidence for post-natal parental care in Philydrosaurus, a choristodere, from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning Province, China. We review the fossil record of reproduction in choristoderes, and this represents the oldest record of post-natal parental care in diapsids to our knowledge

Reexamination of a primitive ornithomimosaur, Garudimimus brevipes Barsbold, 1981 (Dinosauria: Theropoda), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia

The holotype of Garudimimus brevipes, discovered from the Upper Cretaceous sediments of Mongolia and named by Barsbold in 1981, is redescribed in detail in this paper. Reexamination of the holotype reveals a great deal of anatomical information, which allows us to revise the original diagnosis of this taxon and make comparisons with other ornithomimosaur taxa to understand the evolution of ornithomimosaurs. This paper suggests that characters used to differentiate this taxon in the original paper (short ilia, short metatarsals, exposure of the proximal end of metatarsal III, presence of pedal digit I, and absence of pleurocoels) are not apomorphies but represent the primitive conditions in ornithomimosaurs and are symplesiomorphies. Revised diagnoses are assigned for G. brevipes (posteriorly positioned jaw articulation, fossae at base of dorsal process of supraoccipital, paired depressions on neural spines of proximal caudal vertebra, and deep groove on lateral surface of pedal phalanges III-1 and III-2). Metatarsals of Garudimimus display a non-arctometatarsalian condition as in an Early Cretaceous form, Harpymimus, but the constriction of metatarsal III in Garudimimus is intermediate between Harpymimus and the arctometatarsalian condition in Gallimimus and other derived ornithomimosaurs (ornithomimids). Garudimimus is the only non-ornithomimid ornithomimosaur with edentulous jaws, which were probably covered by rhamphothecae. The loss of teeth with evolution of rhamphothecae and development of a cutting edge in the dentary of Garudimimus suggest the acquisition of feeding habits that included plucking food at the anterior portion of the jaw and cutting at the middle portion, similar to ornithomimids