26 research outputs found

    Effet Larvicide de l’Huile Essentielle d’Eucalyptus globulus L. (Myrtaceae) sur Pectinophora gossypiella S. et Thaumatotibia leucotreta M. (Lepidoptera), Ravageurs Carpophages du Cotonnier au Togo

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    L’usage massif des pesticides chimiques en protection phytosanitaire prĂ©sente un danger Ă©norme sur la santĂ© publique et sur l’environnement. Il s’impose de trouver des moyens de protection Ă©cologique respectueux de l’environnement. Dans cette Ă©tude, l’activitĂ© insecticide de l’huile essentielle d’Eucalyptus globulus a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e au laboratoire et en milieu rĂ©el contre deux ravageurs importants du cotonnier, Pectinophora gossypiella et Thaumatotibia leucotreta. Les larves de ces ravageurs ont Ă©tĂ© exposĂ©es d’abord Ă  l’effet toxique des diffĂ©rentes concentrations de l’huile essentielle par test de contact et par ingestion au laboratoire. Les taux de mortalitĂ© enregistrĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s aux tĂ©moins absolus et de rĂ©fĂ©rence. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que l’huile essentielle d’E. globulus a exercĂ© une activitĂ© insecticide importante sur les larves. En effet, l’huile essentielle a entrainĂ© un taux de mortalitĂ© de 100 et 99% Ă  la dose 1”l/ml respectivement sur P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta aprĂšs 24 heures d’exposition au test de contact. Avec le test d’ingestion, les taux de mortalitĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© 36 et 30,78% respectivement sur P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta. En milieu rĂ©el, les rĂ©sultats des traitements Ă  base des formulations d’huile essentielle d’E. globulus en comparaison avec l’insecticide de rĂ©fĂ©rence ont montrĂ© que les infestations des populations de P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta ont Ă©tĂ© plus faibles dans les modalitĂ©s de traitement Ă  base d’huile essentielle de E. globulus Ă  1”l/ml (TE3). L’analyse sanitaire des capsules vertes a montrĂ© une rĂ©duction du nombre de ravageurs de 6,25±1,29 T. leucotreta par plant dans les parcelles tĂ©moins absolus Ă  3,29±0,52 dans les parcelles Ă  traitement TE3. Il a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© Ă©galement une rĂ©duction du nombre de 9,04±1,38 P. gossypiella par plant (tĂ©moin absolu) Ă  4,13±0,39 (TE3). Les rendements moyens Ă©levĂ©s en coton graine ont Ă©tĂ© de 1933,10±0,29Kg et 1927,08±0,12Kg/ha respectivement avec le tĂ©moin rĂ©fĂ©rence TV et TE3. Il a Ă©tĂ© faible dans les parcelles tĂ©moins absolus avec 1197,92±0,33Kg/ha. L’extrait d’E. globulus possĂšde une activitĂ© insecticide potentielle au laboratoire comme au champ.   The massive use of chemical pesticides in plant protection poses an enormous threat to public health and the environment. We need to find ecological protection methods that respect the environment. In this study, the insecticidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil was evaluated in the laboratory and in the field against two major cotton pests, Pectinophora gossypiella and Thaumatotibia leucotreta. The larvae of these pests were first exposed to the toxic effect of different concentrations of the essential oil by contact test and by ingestion in the laboratory. The mortality rates recorded were compared with absolute and reference controls. The results showed that the essential oil of E. globulus exerted significant insecticidal activity on the larvae. Indeed, the essential oil caused a mortality rate of 100 and 99% at the dose of 1”l/ml respectively on P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta after 24 hours of exposure to the contact test. With the ingestion test, the mortality rates were 36 and 30.78% respectively on P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta. In the real environment, the results of treatments based on formulations of essential oil of E. globulus in comparison with the reference insecticide showed that infestations of P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta populations were lower in treatment modalities based on essential oil of E. globulus at 1”l/ml (TE3). Health analysis of the green bolls showed a reduction in the number of pests from 6.25±1.29 T. leucotreta per plant in the absolute control plots to 3.29±0.52 in the TE3 treatment plots. There was also a reduction in the number of P. gossypiella from 9.04±1.38 per plant (absolute control) to 4.13±0.39 (TE3). High average yields of seed cotton were 1933.10±0.29Kg and 1927.08±0.12Kg/ha respectively with the TV and TE3 reference controls. It was low in the absolute control plots with 1197.92±0.33Kg/ha. E. globulus extract has potential insecticidal activity both in the laboratory and in the field

    Effet Larvicide de l’Huile Essentielle d’Eucalyptus globulus L. (Myrtaceae) sur Pectinophora gossypiella S. et Thaumatotibia leucotreta M. (Lepidoptera), Ravageurs Carpophages du Cotonnier au Togo

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    L’usage massif des pesticides chimiques en protection phytosanitaire prĂ©sente un danger Ă©norme sur la santĂ© publique et sur l’environnement. Il s’impose de trouver des moyens de protection Ă©cologique respectueux de l’environnement. Dans cette Ă©tude, l’activitĂ© insecticide de l’huile essentielle d’Eucalyptus globulus a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e au laboratoire et en milieu rĂ©el contre deux ravageurs importants du cotonnier, Pectinophora gossypiella et Thaumatotibia leucotreta. Les larves de ces ravageurs ont Ă©tĂ© exposĂ©es d’abord Ă  l’effet toxique des diffĂ©rentes concentrations de l’huile essentielle par test de contact et par ingestion au laboratoire. Les taux de mortalitĂ© enregistrĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s aux tĂ©moins absolus et de rĂ©fĂ©rence. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que l’huile essentielle d’E. globulus a exercĂ© une activitĂ© insecticide importante sur les larves. En effet, l’huile essentielle a entrainĂ© un taux de mortalitĂ© de 100 et 99% Ă  la dose 1”l/ml respectivement sur P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta aprĂšs 24 heures d’exposition au test de contact. Avec le test d’ingestion, les taux de mortalitĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© 36 et 30,78% respectivement sur P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta. En milieu rĂ©el, les rĂ©sultats des traitements Ă  base des formulations d’huile essentielle d’E. globulus en comparaison avec l’insecticide de rĂ©fĂ©rence ont montrĂ© que les infestations des populations de P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta ont Ă©tĂ© plus faibles dans les modalitĂ©s de traitement Ă  base d’huile essentielle de E. globulus Ă  1”l/ml (TE3). L’analyse sanitaire des capsules vertes a montrĂ© une rĂ©duction du nombre de ravageurs de 6,25±1,29 T. leucotreta par plant dans les parcelles tĂ©moins absolus Ă  3,29±0,52 dans les parcelles Ă  traitement TE3. Il a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© Ă©galement une rĂ©duction du nombre de 9,04±1,38 P. gossypiella par plant (tĂ©moin absolu) Ă  4,13±0,39 (TE3). Les rendements moyens Ă©levĂ©s en coton graine ont Ă©tĂ© de 1933,10±0,29Kg et 1927,08±0,12Kg/ha respectivement avec le tĂ©moin rĂ©fĂ©rence TV et TE3. Il a Ă©tĂ© faible dans les parcelles tĂ©moins absolus avec 1197,92±0,33Kg/ha. L’extrait d’E. globulus possĂšde une activitĂ© insecticide potentielle au laboratoire comme au champ.   The massive use of chemical pesticides in plant protection poses an enormous threat to public health and the environment. We need to find ecological protection methods that respect the environment. In this study, the insecticidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil was evaluated in the laboratory and in the field against two major cotton pests, Pectinophora gossypiella and Thaumatotibia leucotreta. The larvae of these pests were first exposed to the toxic effect of different concentrations of the essential oil by contact test and by ingestion in the laboratory. The mortality rates recorded were compared with absolute and reference controls. The results showed that the essential oil of E. globulus exerted significant insecticidal activity on the larvae. Indeed, the essential oil caused a mortality rate of 100 and 99% at the dose of 1”l/ml respectively on P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta after 24 hours of exposure to the contact test. With the ingestion test, the mortality rates were 36 and 30.78% respectively on P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta. In the real environment, the results of treatments based on formulations of essential oil of E. globulus in comparison with the reference insecticide showed that infestations of P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta populations were lower in treatment modalities based on essential oil of E. globulus at 1”l/ml (TE3). Health analysis of the green bolls showed a reduction in the number of pests from 6.25±1.29 T. leucotreta per plant in the absolute control plots to 3.29±0.52 in the TE3 treatment plots. There was also a reduction in the number of P. gossypiella from 9.04±1.38 per plant (absolute control) to 4.13±0.39 (TE3). High average yields of seed cotton were 1933.10±0.29Kg and 1927.08±0.12Kg/ha respectively with the TV and TE3 reference controls. It was low in the absolute control plots with 1197.92±0.33Kg/ha. E. globulus extract has potential insecticidal activity both in the laboratory and in the field

    Effet Larvicide de l’Huile Essentielle d’Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) sur Pectinophora gossypiella S. et Thaumatotibia leucotreta M. (Lepidoptera), Ravageurs Carpophages du Cotonnier au Togo

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    L’usage massif des pesticides chimiques en protection phytosanitaire prĂ©sente un danger Ă©norme sur la santĂ© publique et sur l’environnement. Il s’impose de trouver des moyens de protection Ă©cologique respectueux de l’environnement. Dans cette Ă©tude, l’activitĂ© insecticide de l’huile essentielle d’Eucalyptus globulus a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e au laboratoire et en milieu rĂ©el contre deux ravageurs importants du cotonnier, Pectinophora gossypiella et Thaumatotibia leucotreta. Les larves de ces ravageurs ont Ă©tĂ© exposĂ©es d’abord Ă  l’effet toxique des diffĂ©rentes concentrations de l’huile essentielle par test de contact et par ingestion au laboratoire. Les taux de mortalitĂ© enregistrĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s aux tĂ©moins absolus et de rĂ©fĂ©rence. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que l’huile essentielle d’E. globulus a exercĂ© une activitĂ© insecticide importante sur les larves. En effet, l’huile essentielle a entrainĂ© un taux de mortalitĂ© de 100 et 99% Ă  la dose 1”l/ml respectivement sur P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta aprĂšs 24 heures d’exposition au test de contact. Avec le test d’ingestion, les taux de mortalitĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© 36 et 30,78% respectivement sur P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta. En milieu rĂ©el, les rĂ©sultats des traitements Ă  base des formulations d’huile essentielle d’E. globulus en comparaison avec l’insecticide de rĂ©fĂ©rence ont montrĂ© que les infestations des populations de P. gossypiella et T. leucotreta ont Ă©tĂ© plus faibles dans les modalitĂ©s de traitement Ă  base d’huile essentielle de E. globulus Ă  1”l/ml (TE3). L’analyse sanitaire des capsules vertes a montrĂ© une rĂ©duction du nombre de ravageurs de 6,25±1,29 T. leucotreta par plant dans les parcelles tĂ©moins absolus Ă  3,29±0,52 dans les parcelles Ă  traitement TE3. Il a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© Ă©galement une rĂ©duction du nombre de 9,04±1,38 P. gossypiella par plant (tĂ©moin absolu) Ă  4,13±0,39 (TE3). Les rendements moyens Ă©levĂ©s en coton graine ont Ă©tĂ© de 1933,10±0,29Kg et 1927,08±0,12Kg/ha respectivement avec le tĂ©moin rĂ©fĂ©rence TV et TE3. Il a Ă©tĂ© faible dans les parcelles tĂ©moins absolus avec 1197,92±0,33Kg/ha. L’extrait d’E. globulus possĂšde une activitĂ© insecticide potentielle au laboratoire comme au champ.   The massive use of chemical pesticides in plant protection poses an enormous threat to public health and the environment. We need to find ecological protection methods that respect the environment. In this study, the insecticidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil was evaluated in the laboratory and in the field against two major cotton pests, Pectinophora gossypiella and Thaumatotibia leucotreta. The larvae of these pests were first exposed to the toxic effect of different concentrations of the essential oil by contact test and by ingestion in the laboratory. The mortality rates recorded were compared with absolute and reference controls. The results showed that the essential oil of E. globulus exerted significant insecticidal activity on the larvae. Indeed, the essential oil caused a mortality rate of 100 and 99% at the dose of 1”l/ml respectively on P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta after 24 hours of exposure to the contact test. With the ingestion test, the mortality rates were 36 and 30.78% respectively on P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta. In the real environment, the results of treatments based on formulations of essential oil of E. globulus in comparison with the reference insecticide showed that infestations of P. gossypiella and T. leucotreta populations were lower in treatment modalities based on essential oil of E. globulus at 1”l/ml (TE3). Health analysis of the green bolls showed a reduction in the number of pests from 6.25±1.29 T. leucotreta per plant in the absolute control plots to 3.29±0.52 in the TE3 treatment plots. There was also a reduction in the number of P. gossypiella from 9.04±1.38 per plant (absolute control) to 4.13±0.39 (TE3). High average yields of seed cotton were 1933.10±0.29Kg and 1927.08±0.12Kg/ha respectively with the TV and TE3 reference controls. It was low in the absolute control plots with 1197.92±0.33Kg/ha. E. globulus extract has potential insecticidal activity both in the laboratory and in the field

    In vitro cytotoxic activity of Cymbopogon citratus L. and Cymbopogon nardus L. essential oils from Togo

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    The leaf essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus L. and Cymbopogon nardus L. (Poaceae) from Togo were steam-distilled, analyzed for percentage composition and investigated in vitro for their potential cytotoxic activity on human epidermic cell line HaCat. The percentage composition showed that the main constituents of essential oils samples were respectively geranial (45.2%), neral (32.4%) and myrcšne (10.2%) for C. citratus essential oil and citronellal (35.5%), geraniol (27.9%) and citronellol (10.7%) for that of C. nardus. The in vitro cytotoxicity bioassays on human epidermic cell line HaCaT revealed that the toxicity of the essential oil from C.citratus (IC50: 150 ”L.mL-1) was higher than that of the essential oil from C.nardus (IC50: 450 ”L.mL-1). Pure commercial neral, geranial, and citronellal standards showed respectively the following IC50 values: 100, 250 and 300 ”L.mL-1). Conversely, pure citronellol standard appeared almost non-toxic (IC50>1000 ”L.mL-1), proving the major role played in synergy by neral and geranial in the overall toxicity showed by the citratus oil sample tested in this work

    CaractĂ©risation Agronomique des Arbres Performants d’Anacardiers (Anacardium occidentale L.), SĂ©lectionnĂ©s dans les Zones de Production au Togo

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    Les maillons des interprofessions anacarde ont un intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©conomique commun pour des entreprises nationales et internationales. La faible productivitĂ© des plantations au Togo est causĂ©e par l’utilisation des semences tout-venant et de l’absence de sĂ©lection du matĂ©riel vĂ©gĂ©tal performant. L’objectif de l’étude est d’augmenter les rendements avec les noix de qualitĂ© par l’utilisation de matĂ©riel vĂ©gĂ©tal performant sĂ©lectionnĂ©. Trois prospections annuelles prĂ©cĂ©dĂ©es d’une prĂ© identification des vergers des arbres Ă  productivitĂ© Ă©levĂ©e ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es. Les critĂšres de choix des arbres ont Ă©tĂ© l’ñge, la forme de l’arbre et de la noix, la qualitĂ© de l’amande, la productivitĂ©, le nombre d’inflorescences, la pĂ©riode de fructification, et l’état sanitaire des arbres prĂ© identifiĂ©s.  Au total trente-six arbres prĂ©sentant les meilleurs critĂšres ont Ă©tĂ© retenus. La structuration agronomique a permis d’obtenir trois groupes d’arbres ayant une productivitĂ© moyenne entre 24,67 ± 1,764 et 72,33 ± 5,983 kg, un grainage compris entre 139 et 221, un KOR compris entre 41 et 60, les taux d’amande entre 260 et 314. Les arbres Ă©lites obtenus vont permettre de produire des plants amĂ©liorĂ©s Ă  partir du greffage et le sur greffage. La rĂ©sistance de ces arbres Ă©lites aux maladies va contribuer Ă  contrĂŽler l’état sanitaire des vergers par une lutte intĂ©grĂ©e. Les rendements en production d’anacarde vont augmenter avec l’utilisation des semences sĂ©lectionnĂ©es.   The links of the cashew inter-branch association have found a common economic interest in the cashew sector due to the growing demand for nuts by national and international processing companies. The low productivity of cashew plantations in Togo is caused by the use of all-coming seeds and the lack of selection of efficient plant material. The objective of the study is to increase yields with quality nuts through the use of selected high-performance plant material. Three annual surveys preceded by a pre-identification of orchards of high-productivity trees were carried out. The criteria for choosing trees took into account the age, shape of the tree and nut, the quality of the kernel, productivity, inflorescences, fruiting period, and health status of the pre-identified trees. Thirty-six trees with the best criteria were selected. The agronomic structuring made it possible to obtain three groups of trees with average productivity between 24.67 ± 1.764 and 72.33 ± 5.983 kg, graining between 139 and 221, KOR between 41 and 60, the fine rates between 260 and 314. The elite trees thus obtained will make to produce improved plants from the grafts and over-grafting. The resistance of these elite trees to diseases will help control the health status of orchards through integrated pest management. The resistance of these elite trees to diseases will help control the health status of orchards through integrated pest management. Cashew production yields will increase with the use of selected seeds from the study

    CaractĂ©risation Аgronomiques des Аrbres Еlites Аnacardier (Anacardium occidentale L.) SĂ©lectionnĂ©s des Zones de Production au Togo

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    Les maillons des interprofessions anacarde ont un intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©conomique commun pour  des entreprises nationales et internationales. La faible productivitĂ© des plantations au Togo est causĂ©e par l’utilisation des semences tous venants et de l’absence de sĂ©lection du matĂ©riel vĂ©gĂ©tal  performant. L’objectif de l’étude est d’augmenter les rendements avec les noix de qualitĂ©. Trois prospections annuelles prĂ©cĂ©dĂ©es  d’un prĂ© identification des vergers des arbres Ă  productivitĂ© Ă©levĂ©e ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es. Les critĂšres de choix des arbres ont Ă©tĂ© l’ñge, forme de l’arbre et de la noix, qualitĂ© de l’amande, productivitĂ©, nombre d’inflorescences, pĂ©riode de fructification, Ă©tat sanitaire des arbres prĂ© identifiĂ©s. 36 arbres prĂ©sentant les meilleurs critĂšres ont Ă©tĂ© retenus. La structuration agronomique a permis d’obtenir trois groupes d’arbres ayant une productivitĂ© moyenne entre 24,67±1,764 et 72,33±5,983 kg, un grainage compris entre 139 et 221, un KOR  compris entre 41 et 60, les taux d’amande entre 260 et 314. Les arbres Ă©lites obtenues vont permettre de produire des  plants amĂ©liorĂ©s Ă  partir du greffage et le sur greffage. La rĂ©sistance de ces arbres Ă©lites aux maladies va contribuer Ă  contrĂŽler l’état sanitaire des vergers par une lutte intĂ©grĂ©e. Les rendements production anacarde vont augmenter avec l’utilisation des semences sĂ©lectionnĂ©es.   The links of the cashew inter-branch associations have found a common economic interest for national and international companies. The low productivity of plantations in Togo is caused by the use of all-coming seeds and the lack of selection of efficient plant material. The goal of the study is to increase yields with quality nuts. Three annual surveys preceded by a pre-identification of orchards of high productivity trees were carried out. The criteria for choosing trees took into account the age, shape of the tree and nut, the quality of the kernel, productivity, inflorescences, fruiting period, and health status of the pre-identified trees. 36 trees with the best criteria were selected. The agronomic structuring made it possible to obtain three groups of trees with an average productivity between 24.67±1.764 and 72.33±5.983 kg, graining between 139 and 221, KOR between 41 and 60, the fine rates between 260 and 314. The elite trees thus obtained will make to produce improved plants from the grafts and over-grafting. The resistance of these elite trees to diseases will help control the health status of orchards through integrated pest management. The resistance of these elite trees to diseases will help control the health status of orchards through integrated pest management. Cashew production yields will increase with the use of selected seeds from the study

    CaractĂ©risation Аgronomiques des Аrbres Еlites Аnacardier (Anacardium occidentale L.) SĂ©lectionnĂ©s des Zones de Production au Togo

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    Les maillons des interprofessions anacarde ont un intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©conomique commun pour  des entreprises nationales et internationales. La faible productivitĂ© des plantations au Togo est causĂ©e par l’utilisation des semences tous venants et de l’absence de sĂ©lection du matĂ©riel vĂ©gĂ©tal  performant. L’objectif de l’étude est d’augmenter les rendements avec les noix de qualitĂ©. Trois prospections annuelles prĂ©cĂ©dĂ©es  d’un prĂ© identification des vergers des arbres Ă  productivitĂ© Ă©levĂ©e ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es. Les critĂšres de choix des arbres ont Ă©tĂ© l’ñge, forme de l’arbre et de la noix, qualitĂ© de l’amande, productivitĂ©, nombre d’inflorescences, pĂ©riode de fructification, Ă©tat sanitaire des arbres prĂ© identifiĂ©s. 36 arbres prĂ©sentant les meilleurs critĂšres ont Ă©tĂ© retenus. La structuration agronomique a permis d’obtenir trois groupes d’arbres ayant une productivitĂ© moyenne entre 24,67±1,764 et 72,33±5,983 kg, un grainage compris entre 139 et 221, un KOR  compris entre 41 et 60, les taux d’amande entre 260 et 314. Les arbres Ă©lites obtenues vont permettre de produire des  plants amĂ©liorĂ©s Ă  partir du greffage et le sur greffage. La rĂ©sistance de ces arbres Ă©lites aux maladies va contribuer Ă  contrĂŽler l’état sanitaire des vergers par une lutte intĂ©grĂ©e. Les rendements production anacarde vont augmenter avec l’utilisation des semences sĂ©lectionnĂ©es.   The links of the cashew inter-branch associations have found a common economic interest for national and international companies. The low productivity of plantations in Togo is caused by the use of all-coming seeds and the lack of selection of efficient plant material. The goal of the study is to increase yields with quality nuts. Three annual surveys preceded by a pre-identification of orchards of high productivity trees were carried out. The criteria for choosing trees took into account the age, shape of the tree and nut, the quality of the kernel, productivity, inflorescences, fruiting period, and health status of the pre-identified trees. 36 trees with the best criteria were selected. The agronomic structuring made it possible to obtain three groups of trees with an average productivity between 24.67±1.764 and 72.33±5.983 kg, graining between 139 and 221, KOR between 41 and 60, the fine rates between 260 and 314. The elite trees thus obtained will make to produce improved plants from the grafts and over-grafting. The resistance of these elite trees to diseases will help control the health status of orchards through integrated pest management. The resistance of these elite trees to diseases will help control the health status of orchards through integrated pest management. Cashew production yields will increase with the use of selected seeds from the study

    Représentativité et réactivité du systÚme de surveillance de la FiÚvre Jaune au Togo, 2004-2014: Representativeness and responsiveness of the Yellow Fever surveillance system in Togo, 2004-2014

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    Introduction: Peu d’informations sont disponibles sur le systĂšme de surveillance de la fiĂšvre jaune au Togo. L’objectif est d’évaluer la simplicitĂ©, la reprĂ©sentativitĂ© et la rĂ©activitĂ© de ce systĂšme. MĂ©thodes: Une Ă©tude transversale descriptive a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e de 2015 Ă  2016 Ă  l’Institut Na-tional d’HygiĂšne (INH) qui est le Laboratoire National de RĂ©fĂ©rence (LNR) pour les maladies Ă  po-tentiel Ă©pidĂ©mique du Togo. La base de donnĂ©es de 2004-2014 de la fiĂšvre jaune- rougeole -rubĂ©ole du LNR et le guide de surveillance intĂ©grĂ©e des maladies et riposte, le guide d’évaluation des systĂšmes de surveillance de Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s. Les mĂ©dianes, intervalles interquartiles et les proportions ont Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©s avec Epi Info 7 et Excel 2003. RĂ©sultats: Un cas suspect de fiĂšvre jaune nĂ©cessite une confirmation biologique qui se fait Ă  plusieurs niveaux. Le systĂšme est reprĂ©sentatif de tous les districts, toutes les annĂ©es et de toutes les populations du Togo. Un total de 3054 de cas suspects a Ă©tĂ© notifiĂ© dont 32 cas probables et 12 cas confirmĂ©s, par-mi lesquels, 8 Ă©taient des hommes. Environs 93,01 % (2833) des cas suspects ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©levĂ©s dans les 14 jours suivants le dĂ©but des symp-tĂŽmes, 28,39% (866) des Ă©chantillons ont Ă©tĂ© acheminĂ©s dans les 72 heures et 77,95% des rĂ©sultats rendus dans les 7 jours rendant le systĂšme peu rĂ©actif. Conclusion: Le systĂšme de surveillance de la fiĂšvre jaune au Togo est reprĂ©sentatif, complexe et peu rĂ©actif. Il s’avĂšre nĂ©cessaire de mettre en place un systĂšme de convoyage rapide des Ă©chantillons. Introduction: Little information is available on yellow fever surveillance system in Togo. The simplicity, representativeness and responsiveness of this system were assessed. Material and Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from October 2015 to February 2016 at the Institut National d’HygiĂšne, the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for epidemic prone diseases of Togo. We used the yellow fever-measles-rubella database, the integrated dis-ease surveillance and response guideline and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for surveillance system evaluation. Medians, interquartile intervals and proportions were calculated and presented in tables and figures with Excel 2003 and Epi Info 7. Results: A yellow fever case must be confirmed at several reference levels making yellow fever surveillance complex. This surveillance system is representative of all districts, all years and all populations of Togo. A total of 3054 suspected cases were reported, including 32 probable cases and 12 confirmed cases. Of the confirmed cases, 08 were men. About 93.01% (2833) of the suspected cases samples were taken within 14 days after the symptoms onset, 28,39% (866) of samples were transported within 72 hours and 77, 95% of the results were available within 7 days, making the system unresponsive. Conclusion: The yellow fever surveillance system in Togo is representative, complex, and unresponsive due to the long delay in transporting samples to the NRL. A rapid sample conveying system is recommende

    Effectiveness of Routine BCG Vaccination on Buruli Ulcer Disease: A Case-Control Study in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana and Togo

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    Background: The only available vaccine that could be potentially beneficial against mycobacterial diseases contains live attenuated bovine tuberculosis bacillus (Mycobacterium bovis) also called Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Even though the BCG vaccine is still widely used, results on its effectiveness in preventing mycobacterial diseases are partially contradictory, especially regarding Buruli Ulcer Disease (BUD). The aim of this case-control study is to evaluate the possible protective effect of BCG vaccination on BUD. Methodology: The present study was performed in three different countries and sites where BUD is endemic: in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, and Togo from 2010 through 2013. The large study population was comprised of 401 cases with laboratory confirmed BUD and 826 controls, mostly family members or neighbors. Principal Findings: After stratification by the three countries, two sexes and four age groups, no significant correlation was found between the presence of BCG scar and BUD status of individuals. Multivariate analysis has shown that the independent variables country (p = 0.31),sex (p = 0.24),age (p = 0.96),and presence of a BCG scar (p = 0.07) did not significantly influence the development of BUD category I or category II/III. Furthermore, the status of BCG vaccination was also not significantly related to duration of BUD or time to healing of lesions. Conclusions: In our study, we did not observe significant evidence of a protective effect of routine BCG vaccination on the risk of developing either BUD or severe forms of BUD. Since accurate data on BCG strains used in these three countries were not available, no final conclusion can be drawn on the effectiveness of BCG strain in protecting against BUD. As has been suggested for tuberculosis and leprosy, well-designed prospective studies on different existing BCG vaccine strains are needed also for BUD
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