The Design and Development of a Pasture Furrower for Constructing Contour Furrows Without Destroying the Sod

The production of grass in pastures of sloping terrain is usually limited by the lack of soil moisture. Moisture which would otherwise be available for plant growth is lost due to a high degree of surface runoff. When the rate of precipitation exceeds the rate in which water infiltrates into the soil, surface depressions are filled and overland flow begins. Pastures on sloping land are susceptible to high runoff rates. This is due in part to the fact that grazing lessens surface detention, when slopes are covered with thick stands of grass, a rather large volume of precipitation will be in surface detention. Numerous conservation practices have been used on pastures and ranges land in an effort to reduce runoff, conserve moisture, improve plant cover and increase forage yields. Contour furrowing and pitting of hill pastures has been an accepted conservation practice. Pitting of pasture or range land is done with an eccentric disk. Contour furrows provide slightly greater runoff control then do range pits. Pasture contour furrows have been constructed on hundreds of acres in South Dakota. Recently an increasing interest shown in this conservation practice has stimulated a need for pasture furrowing research

Examination of Winter Wheat Yield Response to Seed Source

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154489/1/pag2jpa19900551.pd

Excessive gas exchange impairment during exercise in a subject with a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and high altitude pulmonary edema

A 27-year-old male subject (V(O2 max)), 92% predicted) with a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and a clinically documented case of high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) was examined at rest and during exercise. Pulmonary function testing revealed a normal forced vital capacity (FVC, 98.1% predicted) and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (D(L(CO)), 91.2% predicted), but significant airway obstruction at rest [forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV(1)), 66.5% predicted; forced expiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity (FEF(50)), 34.3% predicted; and FEV(1) /FVC 56.5%] that was not reversible with an inhaled bronchodilator. Gas exchange worsened from rest to exercise, with the alveolar to arterial P(O2) difference (AaD(O2)) increasing from 0 at rest to 41 mmHg at maximal normoxic exercise (VO(2) = 41.4 mL/kg/min) and from 11 to 31 mmHg at maximal hypoxic exercise (VO(2) = 21.9 mL/kg/min). Arterial P(O2) decreased to 67.8 and 29.9 mmHg at maximal normoxic and hypoxic exercise, respectively. These data indicate that our subject with a history of BPD is prone to a greater degree of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia for a given VO(2) and F(I(O2)) than healthy age-matched controls, which may increase the subject's susceptibility to high altitude illness

Role of accounting practices in the disempowerment of the Coahuiltecan Indians

This paper argues that a complex of accounting measures : account books, inventories of accumulated wealth, and detailed instructions for production performance : were used to inculcate Western values into the native population located at five Franciscan missions along the San Antonio River in New Spain (present-day Texas) from 1718 to 1794. Bolstered by the need to alleviate communications problems caused by extreme isolation, the missionaries constructed detailed mission documents that described the acquisition of scarce resources, reported the aggregation of material and spiritual mission wealth, and controlled daily production performance of the native population. In short, the resulting mission economic system, which held the Indians to certain notions of accountability, primarily by restricting their choices, nourished the Western view of income distribution based on effort. We propose that these procedures ultimately caused the Coahuiltecans to abandon their native beliefs, and gradually, to be absorbed into Spanish society. The 150 Coahuiltecan tribes ceased to exist as a distinct culture by the early 19th century. The exploitation and ultimate subjugation of the Coahuiltecan Indians parallels strikingly subsequent developments in Canada, Australia, and the Scottish Highlands

Raiders from the North: Irish Enslavement during the Viking Age

In the Early and High Middle Ages the Vikings began to travel and raid across Europe and the Atlantic. During these expeditions the Vikings captured many people whom they enslaved or sold into the slave-trade. For the western portion of the Viking Expansion, many of the enslaved were Irish. The enslavement of the Irish by the Norse continued through the end of the Viking Age and occurred not only in the British Isles but also in Iceland. The process of the Viking Expansion and enslavement of the Irish influenced Norse culture and social identity. This thesis will explore the Norse narrative in the Atlantic and analyze changes in culture and social identity as a result of Irish interactions and enslavement. A combination of primary, secondary and archaeological sources will be utilized. There will be a thorough discussion of Scandinavia and Ireland prior to the Viking Age, emphasizing their political and cultural states as well as previous forms of enslavement. Then there will be a description of the Viking Age in Ireland. Interactions between the Irish and the Norse will be analyzed as well as the enslavement of the Irish during this time. The thesis will conclude with an analysis of Iceland, which is the culminating location for Irish-Norse interactions and cultural change. Both the interactions with the Irish as well as the enslavement of the Irish influenced Norse culture. Neither culture completely melded with the other, however, a hybrid culture emerged that maintained its Scandinavian origins while embracing its new Irish influences. This culture included many Norse traditions, such as Things, burials, lawmaking, and Norse-styled clothing, while incorporating the Irish style of poetry, folklore, and language. In Iceland, a new Norse-Irish identity emerged

Large-Volume Neutron Counters with Subnanosecond Time Dispersions

This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grants PHY 76-84033A01, PHY 78-22774, and Indiana Universit

Probing the interiors of the ice giants: Shock compression of water to 700 GPa and 3.8 g/ccm

Recently there has been tremendous increase in the number of identified extra-solar planetary systems. Our understanding of their formation is tied to exoplanet internal structure models, which rely upon equations of state of light elements and compounds like water. Here we present shock compression data for water with unprecedented accuracy that shows water equations of state commonly used in planetary modeling significantly overestimate the compressibility at conditions relevant to planetary interiors. Furthermore, we show its behavior at these conditions, including reflectivity and isentropic response, is well described by a recent first-principles based equation of state. These findings advocate this water model be used as the standard for modeling Neptune, Uranus, and "hot Neptune" exoplanets, and should improve our understanding of these types of planets.Comment: Accepted to Phys. Rev. Lett.; supplementary material attached including 2 figures and 2 tables; to view attachments, please download and extract the gzipped tar source file listed under "Other formats

High-Spin States and Spin-Coupled Quadrupole Vibrational States in Nuclei Excited Via (p,n) Reactions

This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant PHY 76-84033 and Indiana Universit

Parity Nonconservation in Neutron Resonances in 133Cs

Spatial parity nonconservation (PNC) has been studied in the compound-nuclear states of 134Cs by measuring the helicity dependence of the neutron total cross section. Transmission measurements on a thick 133Cs target were performed by the time-of-flight method at the Manuel Lujan Neutron Scattering Center with a longitudinally polarized neutron beam in the energy range from 5 to 400 eV. A total of 28 new p-wave resonances were found, their neutron widths determined, and the PNC longitudinal asymmetries of the resonance cross sections measured. The value obtained for the root-mean-square PNC element M=(0.06-0.02+0.25) meV in 133Cs is the smallest among all targets studied. This value corresponds to a weak spreading width Γw=(0.006-0.003+0.154)×10-7 eV

CD44 modulates Smad1 activation in the BMP-7 signaling pathway

Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) regulates cellular metabolism in embryonic and adult tissues. Signal transduction occurs through the activation of intracellular Smad proteins. In this paper, using a yeast two-hybrid screen, Smad1 was found to interact with the cytoplasmic domain of CD44, a receptor for the extracellular matrix macromolecule hyaluronan. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the interaction of Smad1 with full-length CD44—interactions that did not occur when CD44 receptors truncated within the cytoplasmic domain were tested. Chondrocytes overexpressing a truncated CD44 on a background of endogenous full-length CD44 no longer exhibited Smad1 nuclear translocation upon BMP-7 stimulation. Further, pretreatment of chondrocytes with Streptomyces hyaluronidase to disrupt extracellular hyaluronan–cell interactions inhibited BMP-7–mediated Smad1 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation of Smad1 or Smad4, and SBE4–luciferase reporter activation. These results support a functional link between the BMP signaling cascade and CD44. Thus, changes in hyaluronan–cell interactions may serve as a means to modulate cellular responsiveness to BMP