Skupaj zmoremo

This manual ('Together We Can: Tools For Open Discussions About Stigma And Discrimination In Mental Health') offers some ideas for starting a conversation about stigma and discrimination in mental health. Its structure enables everyone to organise dialogues in various communities: at home, at school, in the workplace, among friends, etc. The manual is designed for everyone who strives to reduce stigma and discrimination through an open discussion. It is aimed at concrete action, at change. The booklet comprises two parts. The first part combines the lived experience of stigma and discrimination by people with mental health difficulties, on the one hand, and informed knowledge on the issue by the research group of the OMRA programme, on the other hand. This part further brings an explanation of the terms stigma and discrimination, and their relationship, as well as how both phenomena impact our wellbeing and behaviour, and what meaning is ascribed to them by various communities.Priročnik prinaša nekaj idej za oblikovanje pogovora o stigmi in diskriminaciji v duševnem zdravju. Napisan je tako, da lahko pogovor organizira kdorkoli v kakršnikoli skupnosti: doma, v šoli, na delovnem mestu, med prijatelji itd. Namenjena je vsakomur, ki bi se s pogovorom o stigmi in diskriminaciji rad lotil konkretnega dejanja za njuno zmanjševanje, torej za spremembo. Knjižica obsega dva dela. Prvi del združuje živeto izkušnjo stigme in diskriminacije ljudi s težavami v duševnem zdravju in poučenost raziskovalne ekipe programa OMRA o teh pojavih. Prinaša razlago pojmov stigme, diskriminacije in njune povezanosti, kako pojava vplivata na naše počutje in vedenje in kakšen pomen imata za skupnost. Drugi del priročnika daje predloge in pripomočke za začetek izvajanja pogovorov o duševnem zdravju in zniževanju stigme in diskriminacije. Napisan je tako, da lahko kdorkoli po želji organizira delavnice tako, da združuje in prilagodi skupek predlaganih vaj vsakokratnim okoliščinam

Etnografija medgeneracijskih odnosov

In the monograph (‘Ethnography of intergenerational relations: home and work on farms through life stories’), intergenerational relationships are discussed along the lines of demographical anthropology (Chapter 1).V Sloveniji sta že nekaj let v veljavi ukrepa zgodnjega upokojevanja kmetov in pomoči mladim prevzemnikom kmetij prav s ciljem, da se spodbudi prenos kmetije na mlajšo generacijo, zadrži mlade ljudi na podeželju in izboljša razvojna sposobnost prevzetih kmetij. Koga sta ukrepa dejansko nagovorila, smo tokrat opazovali z vidika doživljanja in razumevanja prepletanja, usklajevanja ali pa oviranja dejavnosti na področju dela in doma pri vseh odraslih članih večgeneracijskih kmečkih družin. S takim opazovanjem smo skušali odkriti večplastno upravljanje kmetije, oziroma ugotoviti, kako, če sploh, so vanj vpleteni ženske in moški, mlajši in starejši člani družine v toku svojega življenja. S pomočjo njihovih kariernih in življenjskih pripovedi bo bralstvo bolje razumelo vire za razvoj raznovrstnih oblik odnosov in praks med starejšimi in mlajšimi generacijami v kontekstu družinske dinamike ter razloge za obnavljanje ali pa opuščanje družinskega kmetovanja

Some Thoughts Regarding Research on Local Notions of the Nation in the Valley of the Upper Kolpa/Kupa after Establishment of the Slovenian-Croatian State Border

Danes so v družboslovju vse bolj v ospredju teme, ki se nanašajo na specifično evropsko situacijo po »padcu Berlinskega zidu«, na nastanek novih mednarodnih meja. Tudi avtorica pričujočega prispevka poseže v tak prostor: v obmejni pas, ki ga obeležuje nova mednarodna meja med Slovenijo in Hrvaško (1991). Besedilo nas na kratko seznani z nekaterimi pomembnejšimi izsledki njenega terenskega raziskovanja, v katerem je v ospredju dolinsko (samo)razumevanje nacionalnih identitet in upravljanje s temi razumevanji pred vzpostavitvijo mednarodne meje in po njej. Konkreten motiv za tovrstno preučevanje je našla v očitnem kontroverznem odnosu domačinov do okoliščin prisotnosti nove mednarodne meje. Zgovorno ga zajema izjava, da so bili »pred mejo iz leta 1991 eno, zdaj pa so razdvojeni«. Osrednji problem je torej avtorica prepoznala prav v identificiranju za dolince pomembnega sprožilnega dogodka »novega« medsebojnega razmejevanja.Danas su u dijelu rasprava o etničnosti i nacionalizmu, osobito u europskoj socijalnoj antropologiji, sve više u središtu pozornosti teme koje se odnose na specifičnu europsku situaciju nakon »pada Berlinskog zida«, odnosno na problematiku novih međunarodnih granica u nekadašnjim europskim socijalističkim zemljama. Pogranična područja, naime, nude svojevrsnu perspektivu za proučavanje društvenih procesa, od tzv. deteritorijalizacije do jačanja teritorijalnih granica, koji se u pograničnim sredinama iskazuju na doista osebujan način. Određeni nacionalni entiteti na pograničnim područjima zacijelo najjasnije iskazuju odnose sa susjednim pograničnim zajednicama, koji uglavnom održavaju osjećaje društvene različitosti kao istost ili kao drugotnost od jezgre ili većine populacije u njihovim vlastitim »nacionalnim državama«. I autorica ovoga priloga obrađuje jedan takav prostor, tj. pogranični pojas određen novom međunarodnom granicom između Slovenije i Hrvatske (1991.). Tekst nas tako ukratko upoznaje s nekima od najvažnijih rezultata dvaju terenskih istraživanja što ih je autorica provela 1993. i 1996., s ciljem proučavanja dolinskoga (samo)shvaćanja nacionalnog identiteta i kako se njime upravljalo prije i poslije uspostave međunarodne granice. Konkretan motiv za takvu vrstu analize pronašla je najprije u proturječnim obrazloženjima o najprimjerenijoj prirodi nove državne granice koja su bila osobito u središtu pozornosti od početka devedesetih godina, te su uglavnom zabilježena u masovnim medijima. Krajnosti u spektru različitih obrazlaganja o najprimjerenijem značenju nove državne granice uočila je između, s jedne strane, zagovornika ideje »Europe bez granica « i, s druge strane, branitelja zahtjeva za uspostavom »nepropusne granice« pred možebitnom nesigurnošću koja vreba iz balkanskoga prostora. Slično tome, autorica je prepoznala suprotstavljena stajališta i u očitom kontroverznom odnosu pograničnog stanovništva u dolini gornje Kupe prema okolnostima prisutnosti nove međunarodne granice, a što je rječito izraženo u izjavi da su »prije granice iz godine 1991. [bili] jedno, a sada su pak razdvojeni«. Naime, rijeka Kupa »razdvaja« ih već pet stoljeća i, osim toga, jasno je da se »već od davnine« prepoznaju kao Kranjci/Slovenci i Gorani/Hrvati. Autorica je, dakle, uočila temeljni problem upravo u utvrđivanju značajnog pokretačkog događaja u vezi s pojavom »novoga shvaćanja« u Dolinaca. Rezultati obaju istraživanja pokazali su da je, unatoč različitim perspektivama promatranja (1993., 1996.), uspostava granice 1991. bio odlučni događaj koji je pokrenuo lokalno definirana nacionalna shvaćanja.Today, in part of the discussion on ethnicity and nationalism, more and more attention is being given to the specific European situation “after the fall of the Berlin wall”, i.e. to the problem of new international borders in the former socialist countries of Europe. Namely, border areas offer a particular perspective from which to examine social processes, ranging from deterritorialisation to the strengthening of territoritorial borders, which in border areas manifest themselves in a particular way. Given national entities in border areas certainly most explicitly express their relationships with neighbouring territorial communities, as they maintain, for the most part, feelings of social differentiation, both as sameness and as difference from the core or majority population in their own “nation states”. The author of the paper examines one such area, i.e. the border zone determined by the new international border between Slovenia and Croatia (1991). The text briefly presents some of the most important results of two field studies, conducted by the author in 1993 and 1996, aimed at examining the awareness of national identity among the upper Kolpa/Kupa valley population, and the ways in which this was managed both prior and after establishment of the international border. The author was motivated to make such a study primarily by contradictory explanations in regard to the most fitting nature of the new border that were in the centre of focus from the early 1990s – the majority of which were also noted in the mass media. Among the various explanations on the nature of the border, she recognised two extremes – on the one hand, were supporters of the idea of “Europe without borders”, and on the other hand defenders of the demand for an “impermeable border” against the possible threat from the Balkan area. Similarly, the author recognised opposed views in the clearly contradictory relationship of the border population in the upper Kolpa/Kupa valley towards the new international border. This was most aptly expressed by the statement that “before the 1991 border [they were] one people, and now they are divided”. Yet the river Kolpa/Kupa has already divided them for five centuries and, furthermore, it is clear that “for a long time already” they have viewed themselves either as Kranjci (=Carniolans)/Slovenes or Gorani/Croats. Therefore, the author saw the main problem in determining the motivating event linked to the “new awareness” among the valley population. The results of both field studies showed that, despite different time perspectives (1993, 1996), the establishment of the 1991 border was the determinative event that motivated locally defined national awareness

Contestable Demographic Reasoning Regarding Labour Mobility and Migration

Besedilo ponuja pregled vprašljivega demografskega umovanja migracij in mobilnosti, ki še vedno vztraja pri ideji nacionalnega prebivalstva kot zaprtega in zamejenega sistema. Čeprav je svobodno gibanje ljudi med temeljnimi načeli Evropske unije, je njihova mobilnost selektivna in na različne načine omejena. Na podlagi izbranih raziskav delovne mobilnosti in delovnih migracij v Evropski uniji avtorici potrjujeta, da delovne mobilnosti in migracije politike še vedno razporejajo kot bolj ali manj upravičene do gibanja čez meje nacionalnih držav Evropske unije.The essay provides a review of contestable demographic reasoning applied in relation to migration and mobility, in which the notion of the national population as a closed and bounded system still persists. Although free movement of people has been enshrined as one of the fundamental principles of the European Union, their mobility within it remains selective and curtailed in various ways. Drawing on selec­ted studies of labour mobility and migration within the European Union, the authors argue that labour mobility and migration policies continue to categorise people as either more or less entitled to move across the European Union’s internal borders

Intergenerational Assistance on Family Farms in Slovenia: Expectations and Practices

The ageing in farm population in Slovenia is accompanied by a diminishing interest of the younger generation in farming. Hence, measures for early retirement of farmers and assistance to young farmers were introduced in 2004 and 2005. Some results of two ensuing studies are presented here: the survey Generations and Gender Relations on Slovenian Farms (2007) and ethnographic study on intergenerational solidarity (2009). The survey findings reveal that through intergenerational assistance farm population, especially the beneficiaries of both measures, shows specific characteristics compared to other observed groups (non-farmers): stronger reliance on their own family resources and weaker dependence on state resources. The survey findings are further upgraded by the ethnographic results, explaining more in-depth from a life-course perspective the complex dynamics and background of intergenerational assistance on family farms

Listening to a Silent Crisis: Men’s Suicide in Rural and Farming Communities in Slovenia

Stopa samoubojstava i dalje je visoka u Sloveniji, pogotovo u ruralnim područjima i među poljoprivrednicima. Kao i u slučaju mnogih problema s kojima se suočava ruralno stanovništvo, vrlo je malo socijalnih odgovora u smislu političkog djelovanja, zdravstvenih i socijalnih usluga i istraživanja. U ovom se radu detaljno analizira samoubojstvo poljoprivrednika kao socijalni problem utemeljen na sljedećim kriterijima: prvo, opseg situacije smatra se zabrinjavajućim i nejednakim; drugo, normativne strukture su abnormalno ili štetno povezane sa situacijom; treće, postoji volja i moć da se izmijeni situacija jer se ista smatra neprihvatljivom u skladu sa društvenom etikom i vrijednostima; i četvrto, primjena socijalnih odgovora kao što su programi intervencije i zajedničko djelovanje. Ovaj okvir omogućuje naglašavanje roda (muški), lokacije (ruralna), lokalne kulture (agrarne vrijednosti) i zanimanje (poljoprivreda). Prioritet za buduće mjere, praksu i istraživanje treba usmjeriti na ove socijalne odrednice zdravlja i dobrobiti kako bi se pružila podrška poljoprivrednicima, zajednicama i udrugama.The rate of suicide remains high in Slovenia, particularly in rural settings and among farmers. As is the case with many issues faced by rural people, few social responses are developed in terms of political action, health and social services and research. In this article, the severity of farmers’ suicide in Slovenia is detailed and analysed as a social problem based on the following criteria: first, the scope of the situation is considered worrying and unequal; second, normative structures are abnormally or harmfully connected to the situation; third, there is a will and a power to transform the situation because it is found unacceptable according to social ethics and values; and fourth, the implementation of social responses such as intervention programmes and collective actions. This framework enables to highlight the importance of gender (masculinities), location (rural settings), local culture (agrarian values) and occupation (farming). Priority for future policies, practice and research should focus on these social determinants of health and wellbeing in support of farming people, communities and associations

The Organisation of Care for Older People in Rural Communities: Two Case Studies from Slovenia

This article discusses the organisation of community care for older people in two ruralmunicipalities in Slovenia, which are contrasting in terms of “wellbeing” attained. The two case studiesare part of a wider research project on community care in the country, aiming to establish the typologyof institutional care for older people at the level of municipality. As a follow‑up to the initial research,both cases assessed the typology “on the ground”. The various actors were selected by snowball samplingand interviewed about past and present forms of caring for older people. Contrary to the typology, the resultsof both cases show that institutional forms of care exist in both municipalities but differ in the fieldof cooperation among various formal and informal local care‑practitioners. Care within families, stillthe prevalent informal care provider in both communities, hides the financial inability of locals to usesome formal care services in their community. Uniform national standards for organisation of formal carenotwithstanding, the results show the communities’ peculiar adjustments to population ageing and theirpartial integration into society

ALI SO STALIŠČA PREBIVALCEV EVROPSKIH DRŽAV DO PRISELJENCEV POVEZANA S STALIŠČI, KI SE NANAŠAJO NA ODNOSE MED SPOLOMA, RODNOSTNO VEDENJE IN VREDNOTENJE OTROK?

Inconvenient demographic trends in Europe, particularly low fertility rates, ageing society, and their social consequences are more and more highly debated in political and academic arenas. Beside pronatalist measures, immigration policies are amongst the most likely scenarios that could solve this demographic situation in Europe. However, neither the European public opinion nor the governments of the EU support open immigration. In this line, the authors of the essay interpret the attitudes of respondents towards immigrants in the frame of the international survey The Population Policy Acceptance. The authors assume that the attitudes towards immigrants are underlined also by the individual's assessment of fertility behaviour, partnership, gender roles and children. Namely, the ideologies on national identity through discussions on national reproduction implicitly determine also the outsiders (immigrants, minorities, foreigners, asylum seekers), defining who should be reproduced and to what extent.The study was carried out in eight countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia) during the year 2000 and 2003. The review of recent theoretical approaches pertaining to the attitudes towards foreigners leads the authors to formulate some basic hypotheses to test the relations between the attitudes towards immigrants on the one hand, and the attitudes related to fertility, partnership, gender roles and children on the other hand. The analysis shows that the negative assessments of immigrants strongly prevail over the positive assessments. The bivariate correlation analysis further reveals that the negative attitudes towards immigrants increase in conjunction with the rise of support of traditional gender roles, negative evaluation of changes in partnership behaviour (increasing divorces, decline of marriages, childlessness, increasing births out of wedlock), and the meaning of children for parents. Contrary to authors’ initial expectation, the relation between attitudes towards immigrants and fertility behaviour proves one among the most weak in all countries included in the survey. This result is in accord with those researchers who emphasize the paradox of public negative reaction to immigrants in Europe in the time when immigration is considered as one among the most likely solution of unfavourable demographic trends in Europe. The results obtained also call for more systematic studying the representations of national identities or/and national populations and national communities. Through the discussions on national reproduction, “proper” attitudes towards motherhood, family forms, gender roles and finally outsiders are defined.Neugodni demografski trendi v Evropi, zlasti nizka rodnost in staranje prebivalstva, ter njihove družbene posledice so vedno bolj pogost predmet razprav v politiki kot tudi znanosti. Poleg pronatalističnih ukrepov se prav ukrepi v zvezi s priseljevanjem kažejo kot najbolj verjeten scenarij reševanja tako neugodne demografske podobe. Vendar povsem odprtega priseljevanja ne podpirata niti evropsko javno mnenje niti vlade članic EU. S tega vidika avtorici prispevka presojata stališča respondentov do priseljencev v okviru mednarodne raziskave Population Policy Acceptance. Avtorici domnevata, da so stališča do priseljencev podložena tudi s posameznikovim vrednotenjem rodnosti, partnerskih odnosov, vlog med spoloma in otrok. Ideologije o nacionalni identiteti skozi razprave o nacionalni reprodukciji namreč implicitno opredeljujejo tudi nečlane (priseljence, manjšine, tujce, azilante) svojih zamišljenih skupnosti, ko natančno definirajo, kdo in koliko se sme reproducirati. Raziskava, ki je potekala med leti 2000 in 2003, zajema podatke iz osmih držav, t.j. Avstrije, Češke republike, Estonije, Finske, Nemčije, Madžarske, Poljske in Slovenije. Na podlagi pregleda različnih teoretičnih pristopov k preučevanju stališč do tujcev v zadnjem desetletju sta avtorici zastavili izhodiščne hipoteze, s katerimi sta preverjali povezave med stališči do priseljencev in stališči, ki se navezujejo na rodnost, partnerske odnose, vloge med spoloma in otroke. Ob tem, da negativne presoje prisotnosti priseljencev močno prevladujejo nad pozitivnimi presojami, sta s pomočjo bivariatne korelacijske analize ugotovili, da z naraščanjem podpore tradicionalnim vlogam med spoloma, z naraščanjem negativnega presojanja sprememb v partnerskem vedenju (naraščanja razvez, upadanja porok, neodločanje za starševstvo, zunaj zakonska rojstva) in pomenom, ki ga imajo otroci za starše, narašča tudi negativno presojanje prisotnosti priseljencev. V nasprotju z njunim pričakovanjem, da obstaja zveza med presojanjem priseljencev in rodnostnim vedenjem, je bila ta zveza v vseh državah med najšibkejšimi. Tak rezultat podpira opažanja tistih preučevalcev stališč do tujcev, ki opozarjajo na paradoks negativnega javnega odzivanja na priseljence v Evropi in to v času, ko se priselitve kažejo kot eden izmed bolj verjetnih scenarijev reševanja družbenih posledic nizke rodnosti in staranja prebivalstva. Rezultati govorijo v prid potrebe po bolj sistematičnem preučevanju reprezentacij nacionalnih identitet, oziroma nacionalnih populacij in skupnosti, saj različni razpravljalci prav skozi govor o nacionalni reprodukciji natančno opredeljujejo »pravilna« stališča do materinstva, oblik družin, vlog med spoloma in nenazadnje outsiderjev

Dom in delo na kmetijah

The monograph ('Home and Work on Farms: The Study of Generations and Gender Relationships') consists of eight thematically related chapters discussing ‘home and work’ in the farm population. The authors interpret some basic results of empirical research on generations and gender relations on farms through the review and analysis of some strategic national documents on farming development in Slovenia and domestic and foreign studies on the issue.Knjiga je sestavljena iz osmih vsebinsko povezanih poglavij, ki obravnavajo prepletenost dela in doma kmečkega prebivalstva. Avtorici v njej predstavljata temeljne rezultate empirične raziskave o odnosih med generacijami in spoloma na kmetijah, ki jih presojata tako v okviru strateških dokumentov razvoja kmetijstva v Sloveniji kot tudi širšega nabora tovrstnih raziskav doma in v tujini

Duševno zdravje in migracije: Uporabnost programa Prva pomoč na področju duševnega zdravja

This article reviews the establishment of a mental health literacy program – Mental Health First Aid – and its introduction among ethnic minorities and migrants. The text focuses on the program adaptations toward culturally more sensitive content and approaches. Based on the evaluation of the program by its users, the article summarizes their suggestions for further adaptations to their “cultural needs.” In line with the evaluations, the article discusses the shift from considering “only” the cultural dimensions of mental health toward reflecting structural vulnerabilities that affect lived experiences of migrants, including the contestable use of the literacy concept itself.Članek presoja uveljavljanje programa opismenjevanja o duševnem zdravju – Prva pomoč na področju duševnega zdravja – in njegove vpeljave med etnične manjšine in migrante. Osredotoča se na preoblikovanje programa v smeri kulturno občutljivih vsebin in metod izvajanja. Na podlagi evalvacije njihovih uporabnikov povzema predloge za nadaljnje izboljšave in prilagajanje njihovim »kulturnim potrebam«. Glede na rezultate omenjenih evalvacij članek opozarja na nujnost premika od upoštevanja »zgolj« kulturnih razsežnosti duševnega zdravja k obravnavi strukturnih ranljivosti, ki vplivajo na živete izkušnje migrantov, kar vključuje tudi kritično presojo samega koncepta opismenjevanja