The Scope of Jurisdiction in Cross-Border Intellectual Property Disputes: Tackling Online Copyright Infringements

The aim of this paper is to analyse critically the problems stemming from the current model of enforcing protection in cases of online copyright infringements. The Internet allows for the easy dissemination and exploitation of copyrighted works globally. Remote and immediate access to content may result in simultaneous infringement on a worldwide scale. There is a long history of disputes over the enforcement of protection with regard to online copyright infringement, and while new laws and judgments are passed there are still no effective remedies nor consensus regarding a common approach to the problem of the multiplicity of applicable laws and jurisdictions in the event of infringement – a problem that derives mainly from the principle of the territoriality of intellectual property rights. Throughout the years there have been many attempts to solve it, mostly in the form of soft law instruments. None of the recommendations are binding, therefore the obligation to reconcile the right to the protection of copyright with the limits of the jurisdiction falls on national courts. As a consequence, the current legal status quo does not provide sufficient predictability to the outcome of [email protected] Knapp – doktor, asystent w Katedrze Prawa Własności Intelektualnej, Prawa Gospodarczego Publicznego i Prawa Pracy Wydziału Prawa Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku.University of Bialystok, PolandEechoud, M. van, Alternatives to the Lex Protectionis as the Choice-of-Law Rule for Initial Ownership of Copyright, (in:) J. Drexl and A. Kur (eds.), Intellectual Property and Private International Law. Heading for the Future, Oxford 2005.EUIPO, Study on Dynamic Blocking Injunctions in the European Union, https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/observatory/documents/reports/2021_Dynamic_Blocking_Injuctions/2021_Study_on_Dynamic_Blocking_Injuctions_in_the_European_Union_FullR_en.pdf.Feraci O., Digital Rights and Jurisdiction: The European Approach to Online Defamation and IPRs Infringements, (in:) E. Carpanelli, N. Lazzerini, Use and Misuse of New Technologies. Contemporary Challenges in International and European Law, New York 2019.Frosio G., Enforcement of European Rights on a Global Scale, (in:) E. Rosati (ed.), Handbook of European Copyright Law, London 2021.Klafkowska-Waśniowska K., Zamieszczanie odesłań internetowych a zakres autorskich praw majątkowych, „Białostockie Studia Prawnicze” 2015, vol. 19.Kur A. and Maunsbach U., Choice of Law and Intellectual Property Rights, “Oslo Law Review” 2019, vol. 6, no. 1.Lundstedt L., Putting Right Holders in the Centre: Bolagsupplysningen and Ilsjan (C-194/16): What Does It Mean for International Jurisdiction over Transborder Intellectual Property Infringement Disputes? “IIC – International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law” 2018, vol. 49.Lundstedt L., Th e Newly Adopted Hague Judgments Convention: A Missed Opportunity for Intellectual Property, “IIC – International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law” 2019, vol. 50.Matusiak I., Konsekwencje (braku) zmian przepisów prawa autorskiego a status prawny gier komputerowych, „Białostockie Studia Prawnicze” 2015, vol. 19.Polčák R., Territoriality of Copyright Law, (in:) P. Szczepanik, P. Zahrádka, J. Macek, P. Stepan (eds.), Digital Peripheries. The Online Circulation of Audiovisual Content from the Small Market Perspective, New York 2020.Świerczyński M., Intellectual Property and Private International Law: High Time for a Dedicated EU Rome IP Regulation? „Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego” 2016, vol. 132.WIPO, When Private International Law Meets Intellectual Property Law: A Guide for Judges https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_1053.pdf.27115917

Directive (EU) 2019/1 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Guarantees for the Protection of the Fundamental Rights of a Party to Anti-Monopoly Proceedings in Poland: Selected Issues

Wprowadzenie oraz części 1–3 i 5 opracowała Anna Piszcz, część 4 opracowała Magdalena Knapp, a wnioski są wspólne.This article presents how Chapter 2 of Directive (EU) 2019/1 of the European Parliament and of the Council (the ECN+ Directive) has been transposed into Polish law. This Chapter refers to the fundamental rights of undertakings in proceedings concerning infringements of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. The article discusses selected issues related to the correctness of the transposing legislation. It formulates a critical assessment of the content of the Polish legislation and proposes how these provisions could be amended. The authors conclude that even in areas where Chapter 2 is quite self-explanatory, the legislation, being excessively restrained, needed a different approach from the legislature. Next, the scope of the transposing provisions related to the right to be heard, legal professional privilege and privilege against self-incrimination is too narrow, and in the case of the statement of objections, what was done is ‘false’ implementation.Artykuł powstał w ramach projektu „Wzmacnianie egzekwowania prawa konkurencji przez organy ochrony konkurencji Państw Członkowskich UE: Problemy proceduralne w Czechach i w Polsce” (PPN/BCZ/2019/1/00007), który jest współfinansowany przez Narodową Agencję Wymiany Akademickiej.Anna Piszcz: [email protected] Knapp: [email protected] Piszcz - Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, PolskaMagdalena Knapp - Uniwersytet Warszawski, PolskaBernatt M., Convergence of Procedural Standards in the European Competition Proceedings. „The Competition Law Review” 2012, nr 8(3).Bernatt M., Botta M., Svetlicinii A., The Right of Defense in the Decentralized System of EU Competition Law Enforcement: A Call for Harmonization from Central and Eastern Europe, „World Competition: Law and Economics Review” 2018, nr 41(3).Bernatt M., Turno B., Zasada legal professional privilege w projekcie zmiany ustawy o ochronie konkurencji i konsumentów, „internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny” 2013, nr 2(1).Błachucki M., Supervision over the International Activities of National Competition Authorities (the Polish Experience), (w:) M. Błachucki (red.), International Cooperation of Competition Authorities in Europe: From Bilateral Agreements to Transgovernmental Networks, Warszawa 2021.Botta M., The Right of Defense in the ECN + Directive. Florence Competition Programme Annual Training, Advanced Competition Seminar, 2018, http://fcp.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2019/02/2_BOTTA-seminar-ECN-13.8.2017.pdf.Dobosz K., Scheibe M., Pierwsze uwagi i wątpliwości po przedstawieniu projektu antymonopolowej dyrektywy efektywnościowej, „Przegląd Prawa Publicznego” 2017, nr 6.Durande S., Williams K., The practical impact of the exercise of the right to be heard: A special focus on the effect of Oral Hearings and the role of the Hearing Officers, „Competition Policy Newsletter” 2005, nr 2.Kolasiński M., Influence of the General Principles of Community Law on Polish Antitrust Procedure, „Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies” 2010, nr 3(3).Korycińska-Rządca P., Ochrona tajemnic strony postępowania antymonopolowego w sprawach praktyk ograniczających konkurencję, Warszawa 2020.Korycińska-Rządca P., Uprawnienia dochodzeniowe Prezesa Urzędu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów a Dyrektywa Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2019/1 – wybrane zagadnienia, „Białostockie Studia Prawnicze” 2023, nr 28(4).Korycińska-Rządca P., Zorková E., Harmonisation of the Powers of NCAs in EU Member States. A Few Remarks on the Basis of the Experience of the Czech Republic and Poland After the Deadline for Transposition of the ECN+ Directive Has Passed, „internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny” 2023, nr 1(12).Kowalik-Bańczyk K., Procedural Autonomy of Member States and the EU Rights of Defence in Antitrust Proceedings, „Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies” 2012, nr 5(6).Materna G., Projekt dyrektywy ECN+ (omówienie w aspekcie potrzeby kolejnej nowelizacji polskiego prawa ochrony konkurencji), „internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny” 2018, nr 2(7).Michałek M., Right to Defence in EU Competition Law: The Case of Inspections, Warszawa 2015.Michałek-Gervais M., Protection of the Fundamental Rights of Companies under the ECN+ Directive: A Milestone or a Missed Opportunity?, (w:) M. Błachucki (red.), International Cooperation of Competition Authorities in Europe: From Bilateral Agreements to Transgovernmental Networks, Warszawa 2021.Mlostoń-Olszewska A., Wolność od samooskarżania w postępowaniach w sprawach praktyk ograniczających konkurencję w świetle standardów ochrony praw podstawowych, Warszawa 2022.Moisejevas R., Nasutavičienė J., Guarantees of Human Rights in Competition Proceedings in the European Union and the Republic of Lithuania, „Białostockie Studia Prawnicze” 2019, nr 24(2).Nazzini R., Some Reflections on the Dynamics of the Due Process Discourse in EC Competition Law, „The Competition Law Review” 2005, nr 2(1).Rea M., New Scenarios of the Right of Defence Following Directive 1/2019, „Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies” 2019, nr 12(20).Targański B., Judicial Review of Decisions Relating to Inspections of the President of the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection – Between the Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in Case Delta Pekárny v. The Czech Republic and the Judgement of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal of 16 January 2019 in Case P 19/17, „Białostockie Studia Prawnicze” 2019, nr 24(2).Wils W.P.J., Fundamental Procedural Rights and Effective Enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU in the European Competition Network, „World Competition” 2020, nr 43(1).28416517

Campus-Community-Partnerships in der Hochschullehre: Aktuelle Daten aus Österreich

Community-Based Research und Service Learning sind hochschuldidaktische Methoden des anwendungsorientierten und erfahrungsbasierten Lernens (FELTEN & CLAYTON, 2011). Diese Lehrformate erfordern aufeinander abgestimmte Partnerschaften zwischen der Hochschule (Campus) und zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen (Community Partner). Bislang ist wenig über die Entstehung und Institutionalisierung dieser Campus-Community-Partnerships (CCPs) an österreichischen Hochschulen bekannt. Mittels eines Online-Survey wurden Hochschullehrende (N = 107) befragt, die im Rahmen ihrer Lehrveranstaltungen mit Community Partnern zusammenarbeiten. Erhoben wurden die initiale Motivation der Lehrpersonen, der Stellenwert und die Unterstützungsstrukturen an den Hochschulen sowie die konkreten Bedingungen der Umsetzung der CCPs. Die empirischen Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass CCPs an österreichischen Hochschulen bislang kaum institutionalisiert sind. Stattdessen bilden das persönliche Engagement und die Kontakte der Lehrenden den Ausgangspunkt für die Gestaltung der CCPs in der Hochschullehre

Apoptosis-related gene expression in glioblastoma (LN-18) and medulloblastoma (Daoy) cell lines

The expression of apoptosis genes in a commercial pre-designed low-density array from Applied Biosystems was evaluated in two human brain cancer cell models, LN-18 and Daoy (HTB-186™) in comparison to the reference human primary endothelial cells under basic conditions. Analysis of the gene expression in the cancer cell lines compared to the normal control revealed features reflecting anti-apoptotic and inflammatory characteristics of the former. There was an overall downregulation of apoptosis-stimulating genes in both cancer cell lines, along with an upregulation of certain apoptosis inhibitors. A number of genes demonstrated statistically significant changes in their expressions, including BAX (BCL2-associated X protein); the CARD4/NLR family, CARD domain containing 4; CASP10 (caspase 10, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase); DAP1 (death-associated protein kinase 1), and BIRC5 (baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 5). Anti-apoptotic potential in both cell lines was demonstrated by changes in the Bax:Bcl-2 ratio and downregulation of the APAF1 gene in LN18 cells. There was also significant downregulation of extrinsic signals and the TNF/FADD/inflammatory cascade, and upregulation of caspase inhibitors (IAPs). These results provided a novel molecular characterization of important human cancer cell lines, which might provide a useful research tool for investigating the experimental model of the CNS cell

Current management of cervical cancer in Poland : analysis of the questionnaire trial for the years 2002-2014 in relation to ASCO 2016 recommendations

OBJECTIVES:To assess the survival of patients with cervical cancer (CC). Since the recommendations concerning cervical cancer management adopted by Polish medical societies do not differ significantly from the ESGO or non-European guidelines, and the fact that evaluation of the system for CC treatment in Poland, as well as the mortality rate of Polish women with CC, which is 70% higher than the average for European Union (EU) countries, justifies the hypothesis that treatment of CC in Poland deviates from the Polish and international recommendations. This article puts forward the current management of cervical cancer in Poland and discusses it in the context of ASCO guidelines. MATERIAL AND METHODS:A survey retrospective multicenter analysis of the medical records of 1247 patients with cervical cancer who underwent treatment for disease and who had completed at least two years of follow-up. RESULTS:Although concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy is a standard treatment of FIGO IB to IVA cervical cancer patients in enhanced- and maximum-resources settings, in our analysis, we found that the percentage of women subjected to chemotherapy was lower than in countries where total survival rates were lower. CONCLUSION:Within the IA to II A cervical cancer patients studied group, the methods of treatment remained in line with ASCO guidelines for countries with the highest standard of care. Although concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy is a standard treatment of FIGO IB to IVA cervical cancer patients in enhanced- and maximum-resources settings, in our analysis, we found that the percentage of women subjected to chemotherapy was lower than in countries where total survival rates were lower. Our findings, together with the inconsistencies within the cervical cancer screening program, may be one of the explanations of poorer survival rate of women with cervical cancer in Poland

Embedding Social Innovation and Service Learning in Higher Education's Third Sector Policy Developments in Austria

Social innovation in Austrian HEIs is discussed under the headline of their “Third Mission.” The HE sector is pressured to have more and more impact on society. Internationally speaking, many countries benefit from national policies and networks in the Third Sector, but policies in Austria were initiated only recently, in 2017, on a national level. Interestingly, the service learning approach as an innovative and socially responsible teaching methodology stands out in Austrian HE. This article classifies the developments of the Third Sector in Austria in the form of a policy brief. Austria has a growing community of practice in social innovation and service learning. The article gives insight into the strategic developments in Austria and is underpinned with recommendable action to be transferred to others

Repurposing blood glucose test strips for identification of the antimicrobial colistin

The presence and fate of antimicrobial residues in the environment is a subject of growing concern. Previous researchers have demonstrated the persistence of residues in soil and water. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern, particularly to public health, animal health and economic development. In this study, a low cost, commercial blood glucose meter was explored as the basis for detecting antimicrobial residues in conjunction with a microorganism sensitive to this residue. A microbial bioassay was developed based on the metabolic response of Geobacillus stearothermophilus, a sensitive bacteria used in the determination of antimicrobial residues in food products, by measuring changes in glucose as a result of metabolic activity. After optimizing experimental conditions, this sensing strategy was tested using bacterial cultures in the presence of colistin, a last-resort antibiotic used for human and animal health. Growth of G. stearothermophilus was measurable as a change in glucose concentration after 2–4 h incubation at 60 °C, when LB media was supplemented with 100 mg/dL of glucose. The lowest measured colistin concentration that resulted in inhibition of growth was 1 mg/L colistin and an increase in lag phase resulted at 100 µg/L colistin. To increase the sensitivity of the assay, we then added a sub-inhibitory concentration of chloramphenicol to the media and found that growth inhibition could be achieve at a lower colistin concentration of 8 µg /L. These results provide a promising basis for a future low-cost sensor to identify antimicrobial residues from environmental samples in the field

TREM-2 defends the liver against hepatocellular carcinoma through multifactorial protective mechanisms

[EN] Objective Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent and aggressive cancer usually arising on a background of chronic liver injury involving inflammatory and hepatic regenerative processes. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2) is predominantly expressed in hepatic non-parenchymal cells and inhibits Toll-like receptor signalling, protecting the liver from various hepatotoxic injuries, yet its role in liver cancer is poorly defined. Here, we investigated the impact of TREM-2 on liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis. Design TREM-2 expression was analysed in liver tissues of two independent cohorts of patients with HCC and compared with control liver samples. Experimental HCC and liver regeneration models in wild type and Trem-2-/- mice, and in vitro studies with hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and HCC spheroids were conducted. Results TREM-2 expression was upregulated in human HCC tissue, in mouse models of liver regeneration and HCC. Trem-2-/- mice developed more liver tumours irrespective of size after diethylnitrosamine (DEN) administration, displayed exacerbated liver damage, inflammation, oxidative stress and hepatocyte proliferation. Administering an antioxidant diet blocked DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in both genotypes. Similarly, Trem-2-/- animals developed more and larger tumours in fibrosis-associated HCC models. Trem-2-/- livers showed increased hepatocyte proliferation and inflammation after partial hepatectomy. Conditioned media from human HSCs overexpressing TREM-2 inhibited human HCC spheroid growth in vitro through attenuated Wnt ligand secretion. Conclusion TREM-2 plays a protective role in hepatocarcinogenesis via different pleiotropic effects, suggesting that TREM-2 agonism should be investigated as it might beneficially impact HCC pathogenesis in a multifactorial manner.Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and ’Instituto de Salud Carlos III’ grants (MJP (PI14/00399, PI17/00022 and Ramon y Cajal Programme RYC-2015–17755); JMB (PI12/00380, PI15/01132, PI18/01075, Miguel Servet Programme CON14/00129 and CPII19/00008) cofinanced by ’Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional’ (FEDER); CIBERehd: MJP, JMB and LB), Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque foundation for Science (MJP and JMB), Spain; ’Diputación Foral de Gipuzkoa’ (MJP: DFG18/114, DFG19/081; JMB: DFG15/010, DFG16/004); BIOEF (Basque Foundation for Innovation and Health Research: EiTB Maratoia BIO15/CA/016/ BD to JMB); Department of Health of the Basque Country (MJP: 2015111100 and 2019111024; JMB: 2017111010), Euskadi RIS3 (JMB: 2016222001, 2017222014, 2018222029, 2019222054, 2020333010) Department of Industry of the Basque Country (JMB: Elkartek: KK-2020/00008) and AECC Scientific Foundation (JMB). AE-B was funded by the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) (PIF2014/11) and by the short-term training fellowship Andrew K Burroughs (European Association for the Study of the Liver, EASL). IL and AA-L were funded by the Department of Education, Language Policy and Culture of the Basque Government (PRE_2016_1_0152 and PRE_2018_1_0184). OS and SK were funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF25801-B22, FWF-P35168 to OS and L-Mac: F 6104-B21 to SK). FO and DAM were funded by a UK Medical Research Council programme Grant MR/R023026/1. DAM was also funded by the CRUK programme grant C18342/A23390, CRUK/AECC/AIRC Accelerator Award A26813 and the MRC MICA programme grant MR/R023026/1. JBA is supported by the Danish Medical Research Council, Danish Cancer Society, Nordisk Foundation, and APM Foundation. CJO’R and PM-G are supported by Marie Sklodowska-Curie Programme and EASL Sheila Sherlock postdoctoral fellowships