Alchoholism and Intimate Partner Violence: Effects on Children\u27s Psychosocial Adjustment

It is widely recognized that alcoholism and relationship violence often have serious consequences for adults; however, children living with alcoholic parents are susceptible to the deleterious familial environments these caregivers frequently create. Given the prevalence of IPV among patients entering substance abuse treatment, coupled with the negative familial consequences associated with these types of behavior, this review explores what have been, to this point, two divergent lines of research: (a) the effects of parental alcoholism on children, and (b) the effects of children\u27s exposure to intimate partner violence. In this article, the interrelationship between alcoholism and IPV is examined, with an emphasis on the developmental impact of these behaviors (individually and together) on children living in the home and offers recommendations for future research directions

Integrated resource planning for urban waste management

© 2015 by the authors, licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The waste hierarchy currently dominates waste management planning in Australia. It is effective in helping planners consider options from waste avoidance or "reduction" through to providing infrastructure for landfill or other "disposal". However, it is inadequate for guiding context-specific decisions regarding sustainable waste management and resource recovery, including the ability for stakeholders to compare a range of options on an equal footing whilst considering their various sustainability impacts and trade-offs. This paper outlines the potential use of Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) as a decision-making approach for the urban waste sector, illustrated using an Australian case study. IRP is well established in both the water and energy sectors in Australia and internationally. It has been used in long-term planning enabling decision-makers to consider the potential to reduce resource use through efficiency alongside options for new infrastructure. Its use in the waste sector could address a number of the current limitations experienced by providing a broader context-sensitive, adaptive, and stakeholder focused approach to planning not present in the waste hierarchy and commonly used cost benefit analysis. For both efficiency and new infrastructure options IRP could be useful in assisting governments to make decisions that are consistent with agreed objectives while addressing costs of alternative options and uncertainty regarding their environmental and social impacts. This paper highlights various international waste planning approaches, differences between the sectors where IRP has been used and gives a worked example of how IRP could be applied in the Australian urban waste sector

Digestibility of resistant starch type 3 is affected by crystal type, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution

Resistant starch type 3 (RS-3) holds great potential as a prebiotic by supporting gut microbiota following intestinal digestion. However the factors influencing the digestibility of RS-3 are largely unknown. This research aims to reveal how crystal type and molecular weight (distribution) of RS-3 influence its resistance. Narrow and polydisperse α-glucans of degree of polymerization (DP) 14–76, either obtained by enzymatic synthesis or debranching amylopectins from different sources, were crystallized in 12 different A- or B-type crystals and in vitro digested. Crystal type had the largest influence on resistance to digestion (A >>> B), followed by molecular weight (Mw) (high DP >> low DP) and Mw distribution (narrow disperse > polydisperse). B-type crystals escaping digestion changed in Mw and Mw distribution compared to that in the original B-type crystals, whereas A-type crystals were unchanged. This indicates that pancreatic α-amylase binds and acts differently to A- or B-type RS-3 crystals.</p

Type of intrinsic resistant starch type 3 determines in vitro fermentation by pooled adult faecal inoculum

Resistant starch (RS) results in relatively high health-beneficial butyrate levels upon fermentation by gut microbiota. We studied how physico-chemical characteristics of RS-3 influenced butyrate production during fermentation. Six highly resistant RS-3 substrates (intrinsic RS-3, 80-95 % RS) differing in chain length (DPn 16-76), Mw distribution (PI) and crystal type (A/B) were fermented in vitro by pooled adult faecal inoculum. All intrinsic RS-3 substrates were fermented to relatively high butyrate levels (acetate/butyrate ≤ 2.5), and especially fermentation of A-type RS-3 prepared from polydisperse α-1,4 glucans resulted in the highest relative butyrate amount produced (acetate/butyrate: 1). Analysis of the microbiota composition after fermentation revealed that intrinsic RS-3 stimulated primarily Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcus, but the relative abundances of these taxa differed slightly depending on the RS-3 physico-chemical characteristics. Especially intrinsic RS-3 of narrow disperse Mw distribution stimulated relatively more Ruminococcus. Selected RS fractions (polydisperse Mw distribution) obtained after pre-digestion were fermented to acetate and butyrate (ratio ≤ 1.8) and stimulated Lachnospiraceae and Bifidobacterium. This study indicates that especially the α-1,4 glucan Mw distribution dependent microstructure of RS-3 influences butyrate production and microbiota composition during RS-3 fermentation.</p

Vitaal Landelijk Gebied in kaart : Jaarboek 2009 Cluster Vitaal Landelijk Gebied

‘Vitaal Landelijk Gebied in kaart’. Dat is de titel en het thema van dit jaarboek. Niet alleen figuurlijk – een selectie van projecten die zijn uitgevoerd binnen het cluster – maar het vitaal landelijk gebied is ook letterlijk in kaart gebracht. Veel projecten zijn niet aan een bepaald gebied gebonden en gaan over Nederland als geheel. De kaarten visualiseren de projecten uitgevoerd in 2009 – en voor zover nog te achterhalen – projecten terug in de VLG-tijd tot 2005. Het was niet mogelijk alle projecten te presenteren. Themacoördinatoren hebben een selectie gemaakt. Per project leest u over de onderzoeksvraag, de relevantie van het onderzoek voor het beleid, wat het onderzoek heeft opgeleverd en wat er met de nieuwe kennis is gedaan

Framework for guiding monitoring and evaluation of climate adaptation policies and projects

In this report we present a detailed framework of what could become a generally applicable monitoring and evaluation method to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of implementation of climate adaptation policies

Spin Structure of the Proton from Polarized Inclusive Deep-Inelastic Muon-Proton Scattering

We have measured the spin-dependent structure function $g_1^p$ in inclusive deep-inelastic scattering of polarized muons off polarized protons, in the kinematic range $0.003 < x < 0.7$ and $1 GeV^2 < Q^2 < 60 GeV^2$. A next-to-leading order QCD analysis is used to evolve the measured $g_1^p(x,Q^2)$ to a fixed $Q^2_0$. The first moment of $g_1^p$ at $Q^2_0 = 10 GeV^2$ is $\Gamma^p = 0.136\pm 0.013(stat.) \pm 0.009(syst.)\pm 0.005(evol.)$. This result is below the prediction of the Ellis-Jaffe sum rule by more than two standard deviations. The singlet axial charge $a_0$ is found to be $0.28 \pm 0.16$. In the Adler-Bardeen factorization scheme, $\Delta g \simeq 2$ is required to bring $\Delta \Sigma$ in agreement with the Quark-Parton Model. A combined analysis of all available proton and deuteron data confirms the Bjorken sum rule.Comment: 33 pages, 22 figures, uses ReVTex and smc.sty. submitted to Physical Review