Nietzsche, Polytheism and Parody

non

AN ASSESSMENT OF SPEED-STRENGTH ABILITIES IN YOUNG MEN

INTRODUCTION Muscle strength is one of the most important factors in sport performance and other human activities -in this case it concerns the physical preparation of military pilots, particularly in order to develop the +Gz toleration. The study was designed to establish the parameters of speed-strength abilities of upper and lower extremities in young men. It allows us to find out the relationships between age, body mass, speed and muscle strength in order to improve the efficiency of weight training. METHODS One hundred young men (cadet-pilots) participated in the study. They were divided into two main groups: middle aviation school students (n=21; 16.0±1.1 years of age, 173.4±5.3 cm body height, 63.8±10.2 kg body weight) and the Polish Air-Force Academy students (n=79; 20.9±1.4 years of age, 178.0±5.7 cm b.h., 73.3±7.3 kg b.m.). In order to estimate the basic speed-strength parameters of upper and lower extremities both groups performed bench press and squats. Exercises were provided on a computerized stand (locally made) under isokinetic (co = 0.2 radIs) and isotonic (M = 20 Nxm) conditions. The subjects performed three trials with maximal effort to estimate the maximal speed (MS) and the maximal torque (MT) developed in the exercise. Descriptive statistics for each parameter as well as the t-test and Pearson's correlation matrix were used (

MUSCLE TORQUE OF MALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS PLAYING AT DIFFERENT FLOOR POSITIONS

The aim of this study was the investigation of muscle torque for male basketball players playing at different floor positions. The study were carried out on 44 male basketball players belonging to the Polish national team. The mean characteristics (±SD) of the group were as follows: age 22.4±3.1 years, body mass 88.5±8.7 kg, body height 197.4±8.1 cm, duration of training 9.5±3.3 years. They were divided into 3 groups: wings, guards, centers. Muscle torque measurements in static conditions were performed. Eleven muscle groups were studied: flexors and extensors of trunk, flexors and extensors of shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle joints. The lowest results for muscle torque were recorded for guards (Table 1.). The highest results for muscle torque were recorded for wings. Significant differences between wings and guards, centers and guards were observed only for elbow flexors, shoulder flexors, for trunk flexors and extensors and for the sums of 11 muscle groups. No significant differences were found between wings and centers. When the results were calculated per body mass no significant differences between guards, wings and centers were observed. There were no significant differences between guards, wings and centers in muscle torque topography. No significant correlations between torque and body mass were found in any of the groups. From our study we conclude that there are no significant differences between basketball players playing different positions. The differences between the players at different play positions depend on body height: high players - wings and centers, low players - guards

PROGRAMMED STRENGTH TRAINING USING A COMPUTERIZED ISOTONIC STAND

One of the very important tasks of the theory and practice of modern training is searching for new methods, in order to improve the efficiency of the training process. Nowadays muscle strength seems to be the most significant factor which influences performance in different kinds of sport. On the other hand development of the strength level is particularly difficult among highperformance athletes. The aim of this paper is to present computer-controlled strength training using a special stand for museie strength training and diagnostics. The stand consists of three main sub-assembles: -mechanical part (steel bedplate, bar with replaceable holders, bench for exercises). -hydraulic resistance module, -efectronic part (valve controller, AlC converter, PC 486/100). A special computer program allows force stabilization in the full range of motion (isotonic resistance) and registration of the basic parameters of movement. The computer-controlled training program includes three basic strength training methods: -repetition (50-80% RM, 4-8 series, 1020 reps); -maximal efforts (90-100% RM, 1-5 series, 1-3 reps); -speed-strength (40-45% RM, 4-8 series, 8-12 reps). Besides these methods the user could exercise according to his (or her) individual program. There are four main indices describing training loads, which can be controlled: resistance, number of series, number of reps and rest periods. Various popular exercises as: bench press, seated press, squats, both-or one-hand pulls, biceps curl. bent over row, etc. can be performed on the stand. The computer program enables registration of the force and displacement of the bar and on this base calculation maximal and mean values of several important parameters of the workout: mechanical power, velocity of the bar, work per rep(s). set(s) and unit(s). The initial resistance is established during the special trials, assessing the speedstrength abilities of the user, and changes of training loads are accomplished automatically, according to achieved results in these trials. The computer-controlled strength training performed on the isotonic stand is designed for both, beginners and highperformance athletes. The equipment can be used under field or laboratory conditions, because it is very safe, not noisy and not too large. REFERENCES Ariel G., Penny M., Saar D.. Selinger A. (1990): Computer-controlled strength training program for the U.S. National Women's Volleyball Team. COTO Research Center. Abstract form. Eliasz J. (1993): Trening sity mi~sniowej w pilee r~cznej (Strength training in handball) Sport Wyczynowy 9/10:21-28. Kannus P. (1994): Isokinetic evaluation of muscular performance: Implications for museie testing and rehabilitation. Int. Journal of Sports Medicine 15. Suppt. 1:S11-18. Kemp M. (1989): Strength training principles. Modem Athlete and Coach 27:11-12. Pauletto B. (1991): Strength training for coaches. Human Kinetics. Champaign IL. Zatsiorsky V.M. (1995): Science and Practice of Strength Training. Human Kinetics. Champaign IL

'Between Marx and Fourier'

Pierre Klossowski’s testimony on Walter BenjaminLe témoignage de Pierre Klossowski sur Walter Benjami

Participatory budget: experiences of synthesis and concepts

Este artigo propõe uma revisão bibliográfica de trabalhos, em âmbito nacional, sobre as experiências do Orçamento Participativo. Tem-se como objetivo compreender a dimensão do Orçamento Participativo, no que se refere à concepção, experiência, participação social nesse processo, seus limites e possibilidades. Os resultados alcançados evidenciaram que, mesmo o Orçamento Participativo tendo ampla dimensão de inovação democrática no plano nacional, está limitado na sua fundação e sobrevivência nos municípios, pois dependem dos atores políticos.This article proposes a literature review of the work on the national level, about the experiences of the Participatory Budget. It has been aimed at understanding the dimension of the Participatory Budget, with regard to the design, experience, social participation in this process, its limits and possibilities. As a theoretical basis for the Participatory Budget was taken as basis the approach presented in the eight articles. The results achieved showed that even the Participatory Budget with wide-scale democratic innovation at the national level, is limited in its foundation and survival in the cities, because they depend on the political actors

Dimeric peroxiredoxins are druggable targets in human Burkitt lymphoma

Burkitt lymphoma is a fast-growing tumor derived from germinal center B cells. It is mainly treated with aggressive chemotherapy, therefore novel therapeutic approaches are needed due to treatment toxicity and developing resistance. Disturbance of red-ox homeostasis has recently emerged as an efficient antitumor strategy. Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) are thioredoxin-family antioxidant enzymes that scavenge cellular peroxides and contribute to red-ox homeostasis. PRDXs are robustly expressed in various malignancies and critically involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. To elucidate potential role of PRDXs in lymphoma, we studied their expression level in B cell-derived primary lymphoma cells as well as in cell lines. We found that PRDX1 and PRDX2 are upregulated in tumor B cells as compared with normal counterparts. Concomitant knockdown of PRDX1 and PRDX2 significantly attenuated the growth rate of lymphoma cells. Furthermore, in human Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, we isolated dimeric 2-cysteine peroxiredoxins as targets for SK053, a novel thiol-specific small-molecule peptidomimetic with antitumor activity. We observed that treatment of lymphoma cells with SK053 triggers formation of covalent PRDX dimers, accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT and leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Based on site-directed mutagenesis and modeling studies, we propose a mechanism of SK053-mediated PRDX crosslinking, involving double thioalkylation of active site cysteine residues. Altogether, our results suggest that peroxiredoxins are novel therapeutic targets in Burkitt lymphoma and provide the basis for new approaches to the treatment of this disease