Ethical Concerns in LowInputBreeds. Background Paper for the LIB Symposium in Wageningen 15-16 March

This paper is first part of a review of ethical concerns in the LowInputBreeds project. In this part, the overall context for raising ethical concerns for breeding for low input animal production and assessing these concerns is characterized. Low input animal production is different from conventional production in several important ways. This means that it faces a partly different array of ethical challenges, but also that the background for ethical assessment in many ways is different

M3: An Open Model for Measuring Code Artifacts

This document details design considerations of M3: a meta model for source code artifact

The Challenge of Co-Religionist Commerce

This Article addresses the rise of co-religionist commerce in the United States—that is, the explosion of commercial dealings that take place between co-religionists who intend their transactions to achieve both commercial and religious objectives. To remain viable, coreligionist commerce requires all the legal support necessary to sustain all other commercial relationships. Contracts must be enforced, parties must be protected against torts, and disputes must be reliably adjudicated. Under current constitutional doctrine, co-religionist commercial agreements must be translated into secular terminology if they are to be judicially enforced. But many religious goods and services cannot be accurately translated without religious terms and structures. To address this translation problem, courts could make use of contextual tools of contract interpretation, thereby providing the necessary evidence to give meaning to co-religionist commercial agreements. However, contextual approaches to co-religionist commerce have been undermined by two current legal trends—one in constitutional law, the other in commercial law. The first is New Formalism, which discourages courts from looking to customary norms and relational principles to interpret commercial instruments. The second is what we call Establishment Clause Creep, which describes a growing judicial reticence to adjudicate disputes situated within a religious context. Together, these two legal developments prevent courts from using context to interpret and enforce co-religionist commercial agreements. This Article proposes that courts preserve co-religionist commerce with a limited embrace of contextualism. A thorough inquiry into context, which is discouraged by both New Formalist and many Establishment Clause doctrines, would allow courts to surmise parties\u27 intents and distinguish commercial from religious substance. Empowering the intent of co-religionist parties and limiting the doctrinal developments that threaten to undermine co-religionist commerce can secure marketplace dealings without intruding upon personal faith

Mode of delivery : does it affect contact with the newborn child, future reproduction and health-related quality of life five years after the birth of the first child?

Background: major changes have occurred in Swedish maternity care since the early 20th century and is now characterized by an increased medicalisation. The incidence of caesarean section and instrumental vaginal births has risen substantially in Sweden the last decades, which means that fewer women give birth spontaneously. Both caesarean section and instrumental vaginal births are associated with adverse physical as well as physiological consequences for both mother and child. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore and describe the impact of mode of delivery and other aspects related to the birth of the first child. Methods: three of studies were conducted using a prospective cohort design and one using a qualitative approach. A total of 551 healthy first-time mothers where enrolled in the cohort and divided into five different delivery groups; vaginal delivery, instrumental vaginal birth, caesarean section on maternal request, caesarean section on obstetrical indication and emergency caesarean section. A plurality of self-reported questionnaires were administrated at five different time points; in late pregnancy, two days, three and nine months post partum as well as five years after inclusion in the cohort. One of the questionnaires answered by 510 mothers was analyzed in paper I. Follow-up studies were carried out five years after the first birth using questionnaires and were based on answers from 355 (Paper III) respectively 249 (Paper IV) women. Paper II was performed with semi-structured individual interviews with 12 primiparae women requesting a caesarean section in the absence of a medical indication. The women were interviewed between gestational week 26 and 36 weeks. Results: the contact with the child and the relation to the partner was rated as positive on all occasions and there were no significant differences between the groups. Mothers with a vaginal delivery experienced breastfeeding less stressful than the mothers with a caesarean section. Three and nine months after delivery the mothers with a caesarean delivery on request reported more breastfeeding problems. Women requesting a caesarean section in their first pregnancy described a belief of always knowing that they would not give birth vaginally. A caesarean section was considered as a more controlled and safe way of giving birth. This was described as ‘deeply rooted emotions’ and reflected that this group of women’s emotions towards birth goes beyond fear of childbirth. No differences were observed regarding mode of delivery, factors related to birth and having a second child. Nor was there an association between postnatal depression, fear of childbirth, a negative birth experience and self-estimated contact towards the child and subsequent reproduction. Planning a second child at nine months postpartum was most important in determining to have a second child. The overall health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was perceived to be good five years after the first birth. Suboptimal scores were obtained for the variables sleeping problems, emotional well-being negative effect and sexual functioning. Women having a vaginal birth, an instrumental vaginal delivery or women who underwent caesarean section on maternal request at birth of their first child were more likely to report better perceived HRQoL than women who had undergone an emergency caesarean section or caesarean section due to medical indication. Conclusions and clinical implications: this thesis provides insights on how mode of delivery and aspects related to birth have different importance to women, depending on the context. Mode of delivery did matter in some respects, and in others it had no meaning. Taking these results into account may assist women and health professionals to better understand how childbirth and mode of delivery may be significant for women from various perspectives