Physical abuse of children by stepfathers in Colombia

Evolutionary psychologists claim that stepparents perpetrate substantiallymore child physical abuse than genetic parents, and that they do sobecause they are less invested in genetically unrelated children. Theobjective of this study was to examine these claims by investigatingwhether, and why, fathers in a Colombian sample physically abused theirstepchildren more than their genetic children. Fathers (N = 86) and theirpartners living in Bogotá were interviewed by Klevens et al. Half of thefathers had been reported to authorities for child physical abuse, theother half were matched controls. Secondary analysis was conducted ofKlevens et al.’s data. Hypotheses from the evolutionary and ecologicalaccounts of child maltreatment were tested using logistic and ordinalregression. Both the prevalence and the frequency of physical abuse by stepfathers were considerably greater than those of genetic fathers.Several indicators of adversity—including parental youth and experienceof abuse, fathers’ chronic stress, and mothers’ poor communicationwith the child—were associated with both abuse and stepparenthood.Models including these variables indicated that they accounted for muchof the stepfathers’ higher rates of abuse. Consistent with the ecological account, much of the stepfathers’ greater prevalence and frequency ofabuse in this sample is likely to have resulted from confounding variables,rather than from the step relationship per se

Mapping the Distribution of Invasive Staphylococcus aureus across Europe

Franklin Lowy discusses a new study in PLoS Medicine in which the investigators developed an interactive tool for analyzing the spatial distribution of invasive Staphylococcus aureus

Violence is a priority problem in colombia. although violence has been traditionally approached

Violence is a priority problem in Colombia. Although violence has been traditionally approached from the perspectives of law and order, the tools of public health may also be used to contribute to solving this problem. Public health proposes a four step approach to prevent health problems: (1) defining the problem, (2) identifying its causes, (3) developing and evaluating interventions, and (4) disseminating effective interventions for wide-scale implementation. This paper describes how these methods were used to approach this problem in the city of Medellín.La violencia es un problema prioritario en Colombia. Aunque tradicionalmente se ha abordado desde los sectores judicial y policial, la salud pública también tiene herramientas que podrían contribuir a su solución. La salud pública desarrolla cuatro pasos para prevenir o controlar los problemas de salud: 1. Detecta qué problemas son prioritarios, por su frecuencia y gravedad; 2. Identifica las poblaciones con mayores riesgos de sufrirlas y sus factores de riesgo; 3. Identifica / desarrolla, adapta y evalúa intervenciones para prevenir dichos problemas, y; 4. Disemina los resultados para extender la implementación de estas  ntervenciones. En este trabajo se describe la aplicación de estos pasos en el diseño e implementación del proyecto de Prevención Temprana en Medellín, a manera de ejemplo de un abordaje al problema de la violencia desde la salud pública

External causes of injury attended in the city network of emergency rooms during the christmas holidays, 1997-1998, bogotá

In order to establish the magnitude and distribution of external causes of injury in the city of Bogotá during the Christmas Holidays, a special surveillance system was implemented. The data show that there were, on average, 430 injuries attended in the city network of emergency rooms during the three week period of surveillance, mostly men and persons between the ages of 15 and 29. About two thirds of these injured were accidental, predominantly falls. Street brawls were the main cause of injury among the remaining third of intentional injuries.Con el fin de ampliar el conocimiento en cuanto a la magnitud de las lesiones de causa externa atendidas por la Red Distrital de Urgencias y las características de las víctimas, y el lugar, tiempo y circunstancias relacionadas con estos eventos, se implementó una vigilancia especial en los organismos de salud adscritos a la Red, durante la época de fin del año de 1997 y comienzos de 1998. Los datos recolectados muestran que, en promedio, se presentaron 430 lesionados diarios durante las tres semanas de vigilancia especial, la mayoría hombres entre los 15 y 29 años. Las dos terceras partes de las lesiones correspondieron a lesiones accidentales, con predominio de las caídas y los accidentes de tránsito. La tercera parte restante correspondió a lesiones intencionales, con predominio de las ocasionadas por riñas

Some factors for explaining resilience among young men in colombia

Based on an existing database, we explored childhood experiences that differentiated men who became delinquent or involved in substance abuse from those who did not (referred to as resilient) despite growing up in equally adverse circumstances, among a sub sample of men (n=168) included in a previous study on delinquency in five different cities in Colombia. The findings show that resilient men tend to perceive their caregiver as affectionate, available when needed, aware of their whereabouts and able to solve problems on their own more often than men who became delinquent or involved in substance abuse. They were also exposed to less physical abuse and family conflict. These findings appear to be independent of economic status (based on head of the household's occupation level), mother's level of education, mother's age at time of birth, percentage identifying the mother as primary caregiver, percentage born into single parent households, number of siblings, birth order, parental antecedents of crime or alcohol abuse or separations from parents. Although political and social reforms are necessary to guarantee appropriate living conditions equally for all, until these occur, other prevention strategies based on these findings are suggested such as empowering parents, improving the quality of parent-child interactions and mentors.Con base en datos de una submuestra de hombres (n=168) participantes en un estudio realizado previamente sobre delincuencia en cinco ciudades en Colombia, se exploraron factores que diferenciaron aquellos que se volvieron delincuentes o abusaron del alcohol o la droga con aquellos que no lo hicieron (resilientes) a pesar de haber crecido en medio de circunstancias igualmente adversas. Comparados con los hombres que se volvieron delincuentes o abusaron de alcohol o droga, los datos muestran que los hombres catalogados como resilientes tienden a percibir la atención recibida durante su crianza como afectuosa, disponible, y pendiente y a su cuidador como una persona capaz de enfrentarse exitosamente a los problemas. Además, reportaron haber estado expuestos con menos frecuencia a maltrato físico y a conflictos frecuentes en la familia. Estos hallazgos son independientes del nivel socioeconómico de la familia (con base en el nivel de ocupación de la persona cabeza de hogar), el nivel de educación de la madre, la edad de la madre en el momento de nacer, el porcentaje que identificó a la madre como su cuidador principal, el porcentaje que nació en hogares incompletos, número de hermanos, orden de nacimiento, antecedentes familiares de criminalidad o abuso de alcohol y separaciones de los padres. Aunque no se excluye la necesidad de reformas políticas y sociales que garanticen condiciones de vida apropiadas para todos, mientras estas se lleven a cabo, se sugieren otros caminos de prevención orientados al empoderamiento de los padres, el mejoramiento de interacciones padres-hijos o la provisión de mentores

Staphylococcus aureus Infections in US Veterans, Maryland, USA, 1999–20081

Trends in Staphylococcus aureus infections are not well described. To calculate incidence in overall S. aureus infection and invasive and noninvasive infections according to methicillin susceptibility and location, we conducted a 10-year population-based retrospective cohort study (1999–2008) using patient-level data in the Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System. We found 3,674 S. aureus infections: 2,816 (77%) were noninvasive; 2,256 (61%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA); 2,517 (69%) were community onset, and 1,157 (31%) were hospital onset. Sixty-one percent of noninvasive infections were skin and soft tissue infections; 1,112 (65%) of these were MRSA. Ten-year averaged incidence per 100,000 veterans was 749 (± 132 SD, range 549–954) overall, 178 (± 41 SD, range 114–259) invasive, and 571 (± 152 SD, range 364–801) noninvasive S. aureus infections. Incidence of all S. aureus infections significantly increased (p<0.001), driven by noninvasive, MRSA, and community-onset infections (p<0.001); incidence of invasive S. aureus infection significantly decreased (p<0.001)

Effects of temperature and humidity on the efficacy of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus challenged antimicrobial materials containing silver and copper

Aims:?to compare silver and copper, metals with known antimicrobial properties, by evaluating the effects of temperature and humidity on efficacy by challenging with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Methods and results:?using standard methodology described in a globally used Japanese Industrial Standard, JIS Z 2801, a silver ion-containing material exhibited &gt;5 log reduction in MRSA viability after 24 h at &gt;90% relative humidity (RH) at 20°C and 35°C but only a &lt;0·3 log at ?22% RH and 20°C and no reduction at ?22% RH and 35°C. Copper alloys demonstrated &gt;5 log reductions under all test conditions.Conclusions:?while the high humidity (&gt;90% RH) and high temperature (35°C) utilized in JIS Z 2801 produce measurable efficacy in a silver ion-containing material, it showed no significant response at lower temperature and humidity levels typical of indoor environments.Significance and Impact of the Study:? The high efficacy levels displayed by the copper alloys, at temperature and humidity levels typical of indoor environments, compared to the low efficacy of the silver ion-containing material under the same conditions, favours the use of copper alloys as antimicrobial materials in indoor environments such as hospital

Interaction between atypical microorganisms and E. coli in catheter-associated urinary tract biofilms

Most biofilms involved in catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are polymicrobial, with disease causing (eg Escherichia coli) and atypical microorganisms (eg Delftia tsuruhatensis) frequently inhabiting the same catheter. Nevertheless, there is a lack of knowledge about the role of atypical microorganisms. Here, single and dual-species biofilms consisting of E. coli and atypical bacteria (D. tsuruhatensis and Achromobacter xylosoxidans), were evaluated. All species were good biofilm producers (Log 5.84–7.25 CFU cm−2 at 192 h) in artificial urine. The ability of atypical species to form a biofilm appeared to be hampered by the presence of E. coli. Additionally, when E. coli was added to a pre-formed biofilm of the atypical species, it seemed to take advantage of the first colonizers to accelerate adhesion, even when added at lower concentrations. The results suggest a greater ability of E. coli to form biofilms in conditions mimicking the CAUTIs, whatever the pre-existing microbiota and the inoculum concentration.This work was supported by the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT), DNA mimics Research Project [Ref. PIC/IC/82815/2007] from the FCT and MCTES; PhD Fellowship [SFRH/BD/82663/2011]; and Postdoctoral Fellowship [SFRH/BPD/74480/2010]. The authors would like to thank to M. Fenice M and A. Steinbuchel for kindly providing the Delftia tsuruhatensis BM90 and Achromobacter xylosoxidans B3 species, respectively

Estimating hospital costs of catheter‐associated urinary tract infection

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/100140/1/jhm2079.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/100140/2/jhm2079-sup-0002-suppinfo.pd