59 research outputs found
Zero to moderate methane emissions in a densely rooted, pristine Patagonian bog â biogeochemical controls as revealed from isotopic evidence
Peatlands are significant global methane (CH4) sources, but processes
governing CH4 dynamics have been predominantly studied in the Northern
Hemisphere. Southern hemispheric and tropical bogs can be dominated by
cushion-forming vascular plants (e.g. Astelia pumila,
Donatia fascicularis). These cushion bogs are found in many (mostly
southern) parts of the world but could also serve as extreme examples for
densely rooted northern hemispheric bogs dominated by rushes and sedges. We
report highly variable summer CH4 emissions from different microforms in
a Patagonian cushion bog as determined by chamber measurements. Driving
biogeochemical processes were identified from pore water profiles and carbon
isotopic signatures. Intensive root activity throughout a rhizosphere
stretching over 2 m in depth accompanied by molecular oxygen release created
aerobic microsites in water-saturated peat, leading to a thorough CH4
oxidation (< 0.003 mmol Lâ1 pore water CH4, enriched
in
ÎŽ13C-CH4 by up to 10 â°) and negligible
emissions (0.09±0.16 mmol CH4 mâ2 dâ1) from
Astelia lawns. In sparsely or even non-rooted peat below adjacent
pools pore water profile patterns similar to those obtained under Astelia
lawns, which emitted very small amounts of CH4 (0.23±0.25 mmol mâ2 dâ1), were found. Below the A. pumila rhizosphere pore
water concentrations increased sharply to 0.40±0.25 mmol CH4 Lâ1 and CH4 was predominantly produced by hydrogenotrophic
methanogenesis. A few Sphagnum lawns and â surprisingly â one lawn
dominated by cushion-forming D. fascicularis were found to be local
CH4 emission hotspots with up to 1.52±1.10 mmol CH4 mâ2 dâ1 presumably as root density and molecular oxygen release
dropped below a certain threshold. The spatial distribution of root
characteristics supposedly causing such a pronounced CH4 emission pattern
was evaluated on a conceptual level aiming to exemplify scenarios in densely
rooted bogs. We conclude that presence of cushion vegetation as a proxy for
negligible CH4 emissions from cushion bogs needs to be interpreted with
caution. Nevertheless, overall ecosystem CH4 emissions at our study site
were probably minute compared to bog ecosystems worldwide and widely
decoupled from environmental controls due to intensive root activity of
A. pumila, for example.</p
Der Einfluss von konkurrenzstarken Pflanzenarten auf die kinetischen Eigenschaften von extrazellulÀren hydrolytischen Enzymen in RhizosphÀrenproben unterschiedlicher LandnutzungsintensitÀt
In dieser Studie wurden die katalytischen Eigenschaften von extrazellulĂ€ren hydrolytischen Enzymen (EHE) in der RhizosphĂ€re von drei Gewinnerarten zunehmender LandnutzungsintensitĂ€t (Dactylis glomerata, Taraxacum sect. ruderalia, Trifolium repens) und zwei Verliererarten (Agrimonia eupatoria, Lotus corniculatus) im GrĂŒnland (Hainich, Mitteldeutschland) untersucht. Ein besseres VerstĂ€ndnis der Beziehungen zwischen Erfolg der Pflanzenarten und den katalytischen Eigenschaften von EHE mikrobiellen und pflanzlichen Ursprungs ist wichtig um die Erfolgsmechanismen aufzudecken und ein besseres VerstĂ€ndnis fĂŒr die Wirkungen der Zunahme von LandnutzungsintensitĂ€ten auf Bodenfunktionen zu erhalten. Das von der Substratkonzentration abhĂ€ngige katalytische Verhalten der EHE wurde durch den Einsatz von 4-Methylumbelliferon-markierten Substraten erfasst und mittels der Michaelis-Menten-Gleichung angenĂ€hert (Vmax=limitierende Umsatzrate, Km=apparente SubstrataffinitĂ€t). Die Kinetiken von b-Glukosidasen (BG), Cellobiohydrolasen (CBH), Xylanasen (XYL), N-Acetylglukosaminidasen (NAG) und von Phosphatasen (PH) wurden analysiert. Das Vorkommen der Gewinner ist verbunden mit erhöhten Vmax-Werten von XYL, geringeren SubstrataffinitĂ€ten von CBH und mit deutlich erhöhten SubstrataffinitĂ€ten von PH. Neben diesen Effekten werden die Enzymeigenschaften von den Corg%, dem C:N VerhĂ€ltnis und dem pH Wert sowie von Eigenschaften der PflanzenbestĂ€nde in der unmittelbaren Umgebung der RhizosphĂ€re (Shannon-Index, Deckungsgrad) beeinflusst. In aller Regel sind steigende Vmax-Werte mit einer Erhöhung der Corg% und einer Abnahme des C:N verbunden. Eine Ausnahme bildet NAG, die die höchsten Vmax-Werte unter geringster LandnutzungsintensitĂ€t und weitestem C:N aufweist. Die Km-Werte zeigen hĂ€ufig Beziehungen zum RhizosphĂ€ren pH. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass in den RhizosphĂ€ren der Gewinner bei der Akquise von Phosphor Enzyme hoher AffinitĂ€t vorkommen. Zum einen kann dies bedeuten, dass die Produzenten der Enzyme sehr effektiv niedrige Konzentrationen der entsprechenden organischen P-Substrate umsetzen können oder die Substrate aufgrund der hohen Aufnahme an P limitierend sind. DarĂŒber hinaus zeigen die Ergebnisse die Effekte bodenchemischer Gradienten, tlw. bedingt durch die Landnutzungshistorie, auf die katalytischen Eigenschaften der EHE und so dem Umsatz der organischen Substanz
Organic vs. Conventional Grassland Management: Do 15N and 13C Isotopic Signatures of Hay and Soil Samples Differ?
Distinguishing organic and conventional products is a major issue of food security and authenticity. Previous studies successfully used stable isotopes to separate organic and conventional products, but up to now, this approach was not tested for organic grassland hay and soil. Moreover, isotopic abundances could be a powerful tool to elucidate differences in ecosystem functioning and driving mechanisms of element cycling in organic and conventional management systems. Here, we studied the ÎŽ15N and ÎŽ13C isotopic composition of soil and hay samples of 21 organic and 34 conventional grasslands in two German regions. We also used ÎÎŽ15N (ÎŽ15N plant - ÎŽ15N soil) to characterize nitrogen dynamics. In order to detect temporal trends, isotopic abundances in organic grasslands were related to the time since certification. Furthermore, discriminant analysis was used to test whether the respective management type can be deduced from observed isotopic abundances. Isotopic analyses revealed no significant differences in ÎŽ13C in hay and ÎŽ15N in both soil and hay between management types, but showed that ÎŽ13C abundances were significantly lower in soil of organic compared to conventional grasslands. ÎÎŽ15N values implied that management types did not substantially differ in nitrogen cycling. Only ÎŽ13C in soil and hay showed significant negative relationships with the time since certification. Thus, our result suggest that organic grasslands suffered less from drought stress compared to conventional grasslands most likely due to a benefit of higher plant species richness, as previously shown by manipulative biodiversity experiments. Finally, it was possible to correctly classify about two third of the samples according to their management using isotopic abundances in soil and hay. However, as more than half of the organic samples were incorrectly classified, we infer that more research is needed to improve this approach before it can be efficiently used in practice
Initialer Streuabbau und Enzymkinetik in AbhÀngigkeit von StreuqualitÀt und LandnutzungsintensitÀt
ExtrazellulĂ€re hydrolytische Enzyme (EHEs), die ĂŒberwiegend von Bodenmikroorganismen produziert werden, ĂŒbernehmen eine wichtige Rolle beim Umsatz der organischen Substanz im Boden. Die Auswirkungen von unterschiedlicher LandnutzungsintensitĂ€t (DĂŒngung, Beweidung, Mahd) in GrĂŒnlandflĂ€chen auf Enzymkinetiken und die von Ihnen gesteuerten Abbauraten organischer Substanz sind allerdings kaum untersucht (Tischer et al. 2015). Als KenngröĂen des katalytischen Verhaltens von EHEs können die limitierende Umsatzrate (Vmax) sowie die apparente SubstrataffinitĂ€t (Km) mittels der Michaelis-Menten Gleichung angenĂ€hert werden. Um den Einfluss unterschiedlicher StreuqualitĂ€t auf Interaktionen zwischen verschiedenen Enzymen zu testen wurden Teebeutel mit grĂŒnem Tee (C/N VerhĂ€ltnis 12) und Teebeutel mit Rooibos-Tee (C/N VerhĂ€ltnis 43) in Anlehnung an Keuskamp et al. (2013) fĂŒr drei Monate auf je 25 unterschiedlich intensiv bewirtschafteten GrĂŒnland-FlĂ€chen der DFG-BiodiversitĂ€tsexploratorien (Hainich, Schorfheide) eingebracht. In den ausgebrachten, 3-monatig-exponierten, Teeproben und in angrenzenden Bodenproben wurden die katalytischen Eigenschaftenvon drei EHEs die am Abbau von Zellulose beteiligt sind, von Hydrolasen aus dem N- und P-Kreislauf sowie die EnzymaktivitĂ€ten von Phenol- und Peroxidasen erfasst (Tischer et al. 2015).
Die bisherigen Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen deutlich enge Beziehungen zwischen den Kinetiken der Hydrolasen und ökosystemrelevanten Funktionen wie dem Streuabbau und weisen zudem auf die kinetischen ZusammenhĂ€nge und Limitierungen unterschiedlicher Enzymsysteme im Abbau von Streu hin. Die LandnutzungsintensitĂ€t scheint in ersten Auswertungen neben der Streuart ein weiterer Hauptfaktor fĂŒr die Abbaudynamik und die Beziehungen zu den Enzymkinetiken zu sein
Contrasting responses of above- and belowground diversity to multiple components of land-use intensity
Effects of Climate and Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition on Early to Mid-Term Stage Litter Decomposition Across Biomes
open263siWe acknowledge support by the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, funded by the German Research Foundation (FZT 118), Scientific Grant Agency VEGA(GrantNo.2/0101/18), as well as by the European Research Council under the European Unionâs Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Grant Agreement No. 677232)Litter decomposition is a key process for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is mainly controlled by environmental conditions, substrate quantity and quality as well as microbial community abundance and composition. In particular, the effects of climate and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on litter decomposition and its temporal dynamics are of significant importance, since their effects might change over the course of the decomposition process. Within the TeaComposition initiative, we incubated Green and Rooibos teas at 524 sites across nine biomes. We assessed how macroclimate and atmospheric inorganic N deposition under current and predicted scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 8.5) might affect litter mass loss measured after 3 and 12 months. Our study shows that the early to mid-term mass loss at the global scale was affected predominantly by litter quality (explaining 73% and 62% of the total variance after 3 and 12 months, respectively) followed by climate and N deposition. The effects of climate were not litter-specific and became increasingly significant as decomposition progressed, with MAP explaining 2% and MAT 4% of the variation after 12 months of incubation. The effect of N deposition was litter-specific, and significant only for 12-month decomposition of Rooibos tea at the global scale. However, in the temperate biome where atmospheric N deposition rates are relatively high, the 12-month mass loss of Green and Rooibos teas decreased significantly with increasing N deposition, explaining 9.5% and 1.1% of the variance, respectively. The expected changes in macroclimate and N deposition at the global scale by the end of this century are estimated to increase the 12-month mass loss of easily decomposable litter by 1.1-3.5% and of the more stable substrates by 3.8-10.6%, relative to current mass loss. In contrast, expected changes in atmospheric N deposition will decrease the mid-term mass loss of high-quality litter by 1.4-2.2% and that of low-quality litter by 0.9-1.5% in the temperate biome. Our results suggest that projected increases in N deposition may have the capacity to dampen the climate-driven increases in litter decomposition depending on the biome and decomposition stage of substrate.openKwon T.; Shibata H.; Kepfer-Rojas S.; Schmidt I.K.; Larsen K.S.; Beier C.; Berg B.; Verheyen K.; Lamarque J.-F.; Hagedorn F.; Eisenhauer N.; Djukic I.; Caliman A.; Paquette A.; Gutierrez-Giron A.; Petraglia A.; Augustaitis A.; Saillard A.; Ruiz-Fernandez A.C.; Sousa A.I.; Lillebo A.I.; Da Rocha Gripp A.; Lamprecht A.; Bohner A.; Francez A.-J.; Malyshev A.; Andric A.; Stanisci A.; Zolles A.; Avila A.; Virkkala A.-M.; Probst A.; Ouin A.; Khuroo A.A.; Verstraeten A.; Stefanski A.; Gaxiola A.; Muys B.; Gozalo B.; Ahrends B.; Yang B.; Erschbamer B.; Rodriguez Ortiz C.E.; Christiansen C.T.; Meredieu C.; Mony C.; Nock C.; Wang C.-P.; Baum C.; Rixen C.; Delire C.; Piscart C.; Andrews C.; Rebmann C.; Branquinho C.; Jan D.; Wundram D.; Vujanovic D.; Adair E.C.; Ordonez-Regil E.; Crawford E.R.; Tropina E.F.; Hornung E.; Groner E.; Lucot E.; Gacia E.; Levesque E.; Benedito E.; Davydov E.A.; Bolzan F.P.; Maestre F.T.; Maunoury-Danger F.; Kitz F.; Hofhansl F.; Hofhansl G.; De Almeida Lobo F.; Souza F.L.; Zehetner F.; Koffi F.K.; Wohlfahrt G.; Certini G.; Pinha G.D.; Gonzlez G.; Canut G.; Pauli H.; Bahamonde H.A.; Feldhaar H.; Jger H.; Serrano H.C.; Verheyden H.; Bruelheide H.; Meesenburg H.; Jungkunst H.; Jactel H.; Kurokawa H.; Yesilonis I.; Melece I.; Van Halder I.; Quiros I.G.; Fekete I.; Ostonen I.; Borovsk J.; Roales J.; Shoqeir J.H.; Jean-Christophe Lata J.; Probst J.-L.; Vijayanathan J.; Dolezal J.; Sanchez-Cabeza J.-A.; Merlet J.; Loehr J.; Von Oppen J.; Loffler J.; Benito Alonso J.L.; Cardoso-Mohedano J.-G.; Penuelas J.; Morina J.C.; Quinde J.D.; Jimnez J.J.; Alatalo J.M.; Seeber J.; Kemppinen J.; Stadler J.; Kriiska K.; Van Den Meersche K.; Fukuzawa K.; Szlavecz K.; Juhos K.; Gerhtov K.; Lajtha K.; Jennings K.; Jennings J.; Ecology P.; Hoshizaki K.; Green K.; Steinbauer K.; Pazianoto L.; Dienstbach L.; Yahdjian L.; Williams L.J.; Brigham L.; Hanna L.; Hanna H.; Rustad L.; Morillas L.; Silva Carneiro L.; Di Martino L.; Villar L.; Fernandes Tavares L.A.; Morley M.; Winkler M.; Lebouvier M.; Tomaselli M.; Schaub M.; Glushkova M.; Torres M.G.A.; De Graaff M.-A.; Pons M.-N.; Bauters M.; Mazn M.; Frenzel M.; Wagner M.; Didion M.; Hamid M.; Lopes M.; Apple M.; Weih M.; Mojses M.; Gualmini M.; Vadeboncoeur M.; Bierbaumer M.; Danger M.; Scherer-Lorenzen M.; Ruek M.; Isabellon M.; Di Musciano M.; Carbognani M.; Zhiyanski M.; Puca M.; Barna M.; Ataka M.; Luoto M.; H. Alsafaran M.; Barsoum N.; Tokuchi N.; Korboulewsky N.; Lecomte N.; Filippova N.; Hlzel N.; Ferlian O.; Romero O.; Pinto-Jr O.; Peri P.; Dan Turtureanu P.; Haase P.; Macreadie P.; Reich P.B.; Petk P.; Choler P.; Marmonier P.; Ponette Q.; Dettogni Guariento R.; Canessa R.; Kiese R.; Hewitt R.; Weigel R.; Kanka R.; Cazzolla Gatti R.; Martins R.L.; Ogaya R.; Georges R.; Gaviln R.G.; Wittlinger S.; Puijalon S.; Suzuki S.; Martin S.; Anja S.; Gogo S.; Schueler S.; Drollinger S.; Mereu S.; Wipf S.; Trevathan-Tackett S.; Stoll S.; Lfgren S.; Trogisch S.; Seitz S.; Glatzel S.; Venn S.; Dousset S.; Mori T.; Sato T.; Hishi T.; Nakaji T.; Jean-Paul T.; Camboulive T.; Spiegelberger T.; Scholten T.; Mozdzer T.J.; Kleinebecker T.; Runk T.; Ramaswiela T.; Hiura T.; Enoki T.; Ursu T.-M.; Di Cella U.M.; Hamer U.; Klaus V.; Di Cecco V.; Rego V.; Fontana V.; Piscov V.; Bretagnolle V.; Maire V.; Farjalla V.; Pascal V.; Zhou W.; Luo W.; Parker W.; Parker P.; Kominam Y.; Kotrocz Z.; Utsumi Y.Kwon T.; Shibata H.; Kepfer-Rojas S.; Schmidt I.K.; Larsen K.S.; Beier C.; Berg B.; Verheyen K.; Lamarque J.-F.; Hagedorn F.; Eisenhauer N.; Djukic I.; Caliman A.; Paquette A.; Gutierrez-Giron A.; Petraglia A.; Augustaitis A.; Saillard A.; Ruiz-Fernandez A.C.; Sousa A.I.; Lillebo A.I.; Da Rocha Gripp A.; Lamprecht A.; Bohner A.; Francez A.-J.; Malyshev A.; Andric A.; Stanisci A.; Zolles A.; Avila A.; Virkkala A.-M.; Probst A.; Ouin A.; Khuroo A.A.; Verstraeten A.; Stefanski A.; Gaxiola A.; Muys B.; Gozalo B.; Ahrends B.; Yang B.; Erschbamer B.; Rodriguez Ortiz C.E.; Christiansen C.T.; Meredieu C.; Mony C.; Nock C.; Wang C.-P.; Baum C.; Rixen C.; Delire C.; Piscart C.; Andrews C.; Rebmann C.; Branquinho C.; Jan D.; Wundram D.; Vujanovic D.; Adair E.C.; Ordonez-Regil E.; Crawford E.R.; Tropina E.F.; Hornung E.; Groner E.; Lucot E.; Gacia E.; Levesque E.; Benedito E.; Davydov E.A.; Bolzan F.P.; Maestre F.T.; Maunoury-Danger F.; Kitz F.; Hofhansl F.; Hofhansl G.; De Almeida Lobo F.; Souza F.L.; Zehetner F.; Koffi F.K.; Wohlfahrt G.; Certini G.; Pinha G.D.; Gonzlez G.; Canut G.; Pauli H.; Bahamonde H.A.; Feldhaar H.; Jger H.; Serrano H.C.; Verheyden H.; Bruelheide H.; Meesenburg H.; Jungkunst H.; Jactel H.; Kurokawa H.; Yesilonis I.; Melece I.; Van Halder I.; Quiros I.G.; Fekete I.; Ostonen I.; Borovsk J.; Roales J.; Shoqeir J.H.; Jean-Christophe Lata J.; Probst J.-L.; Vijayanathan J.; Dolezal J.; Sanchez-Cabeza J.-A.; Merlet J.; Loehr J.; Von Oppen J.; Loffler J.; Benito Alonso J.L.; Cardoso-Mohedano J.-G.; Penuelas J.; Morina J.C.; Quinde J.D.; Jimnez J.J.; Alatalo J.M.; Seeber J.; Kemppinen J.; Stadler J.; Kriiska K.; Van Den Meersche K.; Fukuzawa K.; Szlavecz K.; Juhos K.; Gerhtov K.; Lajtha K.; Jennings K.; Jennings J.; Ecology P.; Hoshizaki K.; Green K.; Steinbauer K.; Pazianoto L.; Dienstbach L.; Yahdjian L.; Williams L.J.; Brigham L.; Hanna L.; Hanna H.; Rustad L.; Morillas L.; Silva Carneiro L.; Di Martino L.; Villar L.; Fernandes Tavares L.A.; Morley M.; Winkler M.; Lebouvier M.; Tomaselli M.; Schaub M.; Glushkova M.; Torres M.G.A.; De Graaff M.-A.; Pons M.-N.; Bauters M.; Mazn M.; Frenzel M.; Wagner M.; Didion M.; Hamid M.; Lopes M.; Apple M.; Weih M.; Mojses M.; Gualmini M.; Vadeboncoeur M.; Bierbaumer M.; Danger M.; Scherer-Lorenzen M.; Ruek M.; Isabellon M.; Di Musciano M.; Carbognani M.; Zhiyanski M.; Puca M.; Barna M.; Ataka M.; Luoto M.; H. Alsafaran M.; Barsoum N.; Tokuchi N.; Korboulewsky N.; Lecomte N.; Filippova N.; Hlzel N.; Ferlian O.; Romero O.; Pinto-Jr O.; Peri P.; Dan Turtureanu P.; Haase P.; Macreadie P.; Reich P.B.; Petk P.; Choler P.; Marmonier P.; Ponette Q.; Dettogni Guariento R.; Canessa R.; Kiese R.; Hewitt R.; Weigel R.; Kanka R.; Cazzolla Gatti R.; Martins R.L.; Ogaya R.; Georges R.; Gaviln R.G.; Wittlinger S.; Puijalon S.; Suzuki S.; Martin S.; Anja S.; Gogo S.; Schueler S.; Drollinger S.; Mereu S.; Wipf S.; Trevathan-Tackett S.; Stoll S.; Lfgren S.; Trogisch S.; Seitz S.; Glatzel S.; Venn S.; Dousset S.; Mori T.; Sato T.; Hishi T.; Nakaji T.; Jean-Paul T.; Camboulive T.; Spiegelberger T.; Scholten T.; Mozdzer T.J.; Kleinebecker T.; Runk T.; Ramaswiela T.; Hiura T.; Enoki T.; Ursu T.-M.; Di Cella U.M.; Hamer U.; Klaus V.; Di Cecco V.; Rego V.; Fontana V.; Piscov V.; Bretagnolle V.; Maire V.; Farjalla V.; Pascal V.; Zhou W.; Luo W.; Parker W.; Parker P.; Kominam Y.; Kotrocz Z.; Utsumi Y
Landscape-scale assessments of stable carbon isotopes in soil under diverse vegetation classes in East Africa: application of near-infrared spectroscopy
Nitrogen competition between three dominant plant species and microbes in a temperate grassland
Effects of climate and atmospheric nitrogen deposition on early to mid-term stage litter decomposition across biomes
Litter decomposition is a key process for carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and is mainly controlled by environmental conditions, substrate quantity and quality as well as microbial community abundance and composition. In particular, the effects of climate and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on litter decomposition and its temporal dynamics are of significant importance, since their effects might change over the course of the decomposition process. Within the TeaComposition initiative, we incubated Green and Rooibos teas at 524 sites across nine biomes. We assessed how macroclimate and atmospheric inorganic N deposition under current and predicted scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 8.5) might affect litter mass loss measured after 3 and 12 months. Our study shows that the early to mid-term mass loss at the global scale was affected predominantly by litter quality (explaining 73% and 62% of the total variance after 3 and 12 months, respectively) followed by climate and N deposition. The effects of climate were not litter-specific and became increasingly significant as decomposition progressed, with MAP explaining 2% and MAT 4% of the variation after 12 months of incubation. The effect of N deposition was litter-specific, and significant only for 12-month decomposition of Rooibos tea at the global scale. However, in the temperate biome where atmospheric N deposition rates are relatively high, the 12-month mass loss of Green and Rooibos teas decreased significantly with increasing N deposition, explaining 9.5% and 1.1% of the variance, respectively. The expected changes in macroclimate and N deposition at the global scale by the end of this century are estimated to increase the 12-month mass loss of easily decomposable litter by 1.1-3.5% and of the more stable substrates by 3.8-10.6%, relative to current mass loss. In contrast, expected changes in atmospheric N deposition will decrease the mid-term mass loss of high-quality litter by 1.4-2.2% and that of low-quality litter by 0.9-1.5% in the temperate biome. Our results suggest that projected increases in N deposition may have the capacity to dampen the climate-driven increases in litter decomposition depending on the biome and decomposition stage of substrate. © Copyright © 2021 Kwon, Shibata, Kepfer-Rojas, Schmidt, Larsen, Beier, Berg, Verheyen, Lamarque, Hagedorn, Eisenhauer, Djukic and TeaComposition Network
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