A Vote for Clarity: Establishing a Federal Test for Intervention in Election-Related Disputes

Increasingly, state and federal courts are asked to resolve election-related disputes, as candidates are more likely than ever before to challenge some aspect of the administration of an election in court. Election-related litigation puts judges in the unfavorable position of kingmaker, forcing the court, not the people, to determine the winner of an election. When the court intervenes in an election dispute, the public may perceive the court’s intervention as a political act that decreases the legitimacy of the winning candidate and the election system as a whole. Moreover, research reveals that judicial decision-making at both the state and federal levels can be skewed by party loyalty. Typically, election-related lawsuits are brought in state court because election administration is a matter of state and local control. Occasionally, however, federal courts are called to review an election dispute in which a candidate or voters allege that the administration of the election resulted in an infringement of constitutionally protected rights. While nonintervention is the default in federal court, under certain rare circumstances federal courts have determined intervention to be appropriate. The federal judiciary has never, however, clearly established a test for determining when intervention is warranted. This Note explores the federal courts’ reluctance to intervene in election disputes through the lens of a recent Second Circuit decision: Pidot v. New York Board of Elections. Ultimately, this Note concludes that federal courts should adopt an explicit two-part test to determine whether (1) the state corrective procedure adequately protected the constitutional interests of candidates and voters and (2) nonintervention would result in fundamental unfairness to the voters

Structure-Preserving Hyper-Reduction and Temporal Localization for Reduced Order Models of Incompressible Flows

A novel hyper-reduction method is proposed that conserves kinetic energy and momentum for reduced order models of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The main advantage of conservation of kinetic energy is that it endows the hyper-reduced order model (hROM) with a nonlinear stability property. The new method poses the discrete empirical interpolation method (DEIM) as a minimization problem and subsequently imposes constraints to conserve kinetic energy. Two methods are proposed to improve the robustness of the new method against error accumulation: oversampling and Mahalanobis regularization. Mahalanobis regularization has the benefit of not requiring additional measurement points. Furthermore, a novel method is proposed to perform structure-preserving temporal localization with the principle interval decomposition: new interface conditions are derived such that energy and momentum are conserved for a full time-integration instead of only during separate intervals. The performance of the new structure-preserving hyper-reduction methods and the structure-preserving temporal localization method is analysed using two convection-dominated test cases; a shear-layer roll-up and two-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulence. It is found that both Mahalanobis regularization and oversampling allow hyper-reduction of these test cases. Moreover, the Mahalanobis regularization provides comparable robustness while being more efficient than oversampling

Comparative Measurements of Inverse Spin Hall and Magnetoresistance in YIG|Pt and YIG|Ta

We report on a comparative study of spin Hall related effects and magnetoresistance in YIG|Pt and YIG|Ta bilayers. These combined measurements allow to estimate the characteristic transport parameters of both Pt and Ta layers juxtaposed to YIG: the spin mixing conductance $G_{\uparrow \downarrow}$ at the YIG$|$normal metal interface, the spin Hall angle $\Theta_{SH}$, and the spin diffusion length $\lambda_{sd}$ in the normal metal. The inverse spin Hall voltages generated in Pt and Ta by the pure spin current pumped from YIG excited at resonance confirm the opposite signs of spin Hall angles in these two materials. Moreover, from the dependence of the inverse spin Hall voltage on the Ta thickness, we extract the spin diffusion length in Ta, found to be $\lambda_{sd}^\text{Ta}=1.8\pm0.7$ nm. Both the YIG|Pt and YIG|Ta systems display a similar variation of resistance upon magnetic field orientation, which can be explained in the recently developed framework of spin Hall magnetoresistance.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl

Magnetic resonance studies of the fundamental spin-wave modes in individual submicron Cu/NiFe/Cu perpendicularly magnetized disks

Spin wave spectra of perpendicularly magnetized disks with trilayers consisting of a 100 nm permalloy (Py) layer sandwiched by two Cu layers of 30 nm, are measured individually with a Magnetic Resonance Force Microscope (MRFM). It is demonstrated by 3D micromagnetic simulations that in disks having sub-micron size diameters, the lowest energy spin wave mode of the saturated state is not spatially uniform but rather is localized at the center of the Py/Cu interface in the region of a minimum demagnetizing field

Detection of the microwave spin pumping using the inverse spin Hall effect

We report electrical detection of the dynamical part of the spin pumping current emitted during ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) using the inverse Spin Hall Effect (ISHE). The experiment is performed on a YIG$|$Pt bilayer. The choice of YIG, a magnetic insulator, ensures that no charge current flows between the two layers and only pure spin current produced by the magnetization dynamics are transferred into the adjacent strong spin-orbit Pt layer via spin pumping. To avoid measuring the parasitic eddy currents induced at the frequency of the microwave source, a resonance at half the frequency is induced using parametric excitation in the parallel geometry. Triggering this nonlinear effect allows to directly detect on a spectrum analyzer the microwave component of the ISHE voltage. Signals as large as 30 $\mu$V are measured for precession angles of a couple of degrees. This direct detection provides a novel efficient means to study magnetization dynamics on a very wide frequency range with great sensitivity

Mixture-of-Parents Maximum Entropy Markov Models

We present the mixture-of-parents maximum entropy Markov model (MoP-MEMM), a class of directed graphical models extending MEMMs. The MoP-MEMM allows tractable incorporation of long-range dependencies be- tween nodes by restricting the conditional distribution of each node to be a mixture of distributions given the parents. We show how to efficiently compute the exact marginal posterior node distributions, regardless of the range of the dependencies. This enables us to model non-sequential correlations present within text documents, as well as between in- terconnected documents, such as hyperlinked web pages. We apply the MoP-MEMM to a named entity recognition task and a web page classification task. In each, our model shows significant improvement over the basic MEMM, and is competitive with other long- range sequence models that use approximate inference. 1 Introductio

Alignment by Agreement

We present an unsupervised approach to symmetric word alignment in which two simple asymmetric models are trained jointly to maximize a combination of data likelihood and agreement between the models. Compared to the standard practice of intersecting predictions of independently-trained models, joint training provides a 32% reduction in AER. Moreover, a simple and efficient pair of HMM aligners provides a 29% reduction in AER over symmetrized IBM model 4 predictions

PicShare

PicShare is an app that allows companies to easily manage their social media presence without having to dedicate large amounts of time to the process. Your social media department can now extend their reach with the help of all of your other employees. Our platform allows users to upload images/text from a mobile application or directly from the web. Administrators have the ability to take their own or user\u27s image/text uploads and prepare for a social media post. Employees attending events can get content to your social media staff much faster and with more variety. Our application is a great way to get your staff involved in spreading the word about your company. At the same time, you can maintain the security of your social media accounts by only entrusting credentials to administrators. We have created a one stop shop for social media staff to work from because we allow for connection of multiple accounts. Customers working as administrators within our application can post to multiple social media accounts and multiple accounts within each of our connected platforms.https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/capstone/1167/thumbnail.jp

Structure and Kinematics of the Nearby Dwarf Galaxy UGCA 105

Owing to their shallow stellar potential, dwarf galaxies possess thick gas disks, which makes them good candidates for studies of the galactic vertical kinematical structure. We present 21 cm line observations of the isolated nearby dwarf irregular galaxy UGCA 105, taken with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT), and analyse the geometry of its neutral hydrogen (HI) disk and its kinematics. The galaxy shows a fragmented HI distribution. It is more extended than the optical disk, and hence allows one to determine its kinematics out to very large galacto-centric distances. The HI kinematics and morphology are well-ordered and symmetric for an irregular galaxy. The HI is sufficiently extended to observe a substantial amount of differential rotation. Moreover, UGCA 105 shows strong signatures for the presence of a kinematically anomalous gas component. Performing tilted-ring modelling by use of the least-squares fitting routine TiRiFiC, we found that the HI disk of UGCA 105 has a moderately warped and diffuse outermost part. Probing a wide range of parameter combinations, we succeeded in modelling the data cube as a disk with a strong vertical gradient in rotation velocity ($\approx -60\,\rm km\,s^{-1}\,kpc^{-1}$), as well as vertically increasing inwards motion ($\approx -70\,\rm km\,s^{-1}\,kpc^{-1}$) within the radius of the stellar disk. The inferred radial gas inflow amounts to $0.06\,\rm M_\odot \rm yr^{-1}$, which is similar to the star formation rate of the galaxy. The observed kinematics are hence compatible with direct or indirect accretion from the intergalactic medium, an extreme backflow of material that has formerly been expelled from the disk, or a combination of both.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic