Normal Behavior, Altruism and Aggression in Cooperative Game Dynamics

The paper introduces a local cooperation pattern for repeated bimatrix games: the players choose a mutually acceptable strategy pair in the next round. A mutually acceptable strategy pair provides each player with a payoff no smaller than that expected, in average, at a historical distribution of players' actions recorded up to the latest round. It may happen that at some points mutually acceptable strategy pairs do not exist. A game round at such "still" points indicates that at least one player revises his/her payoffs and switches from normal behavior to abnormal. We consider payoff switches associated with altruistic and aggressive behaviors, and define measures of all combinations of normal, altruistic and aggressive behaviors on every game trajectory. These behavior measures serve as criteria for the global analysis of game trajectories. Given a class of trajectories, one can identify the measures of desirable and undesirable behaviors on each trajectory and select optimal trajectories, which carry the minimum measure of undesirable behaviors. In the paper, the behavior analysis of particular classes of trajectories in the repeated Prisoner's Dilemma is carried out

SOCIO-CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION OF SPACE AS A FACTOR TO MAKE A REGION MORE ATTRACTIVE FOR TOURISTS

This study aims at the analysis of the current situation in the tourist industry of Pskov region, its economic efficiency and means of making the area more interesting for holidaymakers. The research problem is the low tourist flow in the area and the low economic efficiency of the industry. The tourist companies which promote Pskov region can be described as conservative and rigid. They offer visiting traditional tourist attractions such as churches, monasteries, and estates of famous historic persons. The key results are the following. Mythological and fictional characters can be successfully used as attractors. Nowadays, British tour operators offer three types of “fictional” tours. Firstly, tours devoted exclusively to locations described in myths and fiction. Secondly, tours that combine traditional and fictional sights. Thirdly, visiting places for which local myths and legends were intentionally coined. The authors suggest that tours of the third type should be actively used to boost the popularity of Pskov region. Thus, modern mythopoeia is regarded not only as a creative activity but also as an economic instrument of constructing a new socio-cultural space. The results of the study are based on the careful examination of statistic data and the analysis of texts on British sights. The list of primary methods include analogy approach, description, hypothetico-deductive and axiomatic methods

Decision Making in a Hybrid Two-Step Problem of Dynamic Control with Three Participants

The equations of motion of a control system in a two-step problem on a fixed time interval contain the controls of either the first player, or the first and second players, or the first and third players, or all players simultaneously. At the first step (stage) of the control process (from the initial time up to a certain predefined moment), the system is controlled only by the first player, who solves an optimal control problem with a given terminal functional. At the beginning of the second step (stage) of the process, the first player decides whether the other players will participate in the control process for the remaining time period. If yes, then the participants play a nonantagonistic differential game with given terminal functionals, and it can be a game of two or three persons. A Pareto-optimal Nash equilibrium is taken as a solution in this game. If no, then the first player continues to solve the optimal control problem until the end of the process. © 2020 Krasovskii Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics. All rights reserved

Altruistic and Aggressive Types of Behavior in a Non-Antagonistic Positional Differential Two-Person Game

A non-antagonistic positional differential two-person game is considered in which each of the two players, in addition to the usual normal (nor) type of behavior oriented toward maximizing own functional, can use other types of behavior. In particular, it is altruistic (alt), aggressive (agg) and paradoxical (par) types. It is assumed that in the course of the game players can switch their behavior from one type to another. In this game, each player along with the choice of positional strategy also chooses the indicator function defined over the whole time interval of the game and taking values in the set {nor, alt, agg, par}. Player's indicator function shows the dynamics for changing the type of behavior that this player adheres to. The concept of BT-solution for such game is introduced. Using players types of behavior other than normal, can lead to outcomes more preferable to them than in a game with only a normal type of behavior. An example of a game with the dynamics of simple motion in the plane and phase constraints illustrates the procedure for constructing BT-solutions. © 201

ALTRUISTIC AND AGGRESSIVE TYPES OF BEHAVIOR IN A NON-ANTAGONISTIC DIFFERENTIAL GAME

An example of a non-antagonistic positional (feedback) differential two-person game (NPDG) is considered in which each of two players, in addition to the normal type of behavior, oriented toward maximizing own functional, can use other types of behavior. In particular, it can be altruistic and aggressive types. In the course of the game players can switch their behavior from one type to other. The use by players of types of behavior other than normal can lead to outcomes more preferable for them than in a game with only normal behavior. The example with the dynamics of simple motion on a plane and phase constraints illustrates the procedure of constructing new solutions

Altruistic and Aggressive Types of Behavior in a Non-Antagonistic Differential Game

An example of a non-antagonistic positional (feedback) differential two-person game (NPDG) is considered in which each of two players, in addition to the normal type of behavior, oriented toward maximizing own functional, can use other types of behavior. In particular, it can be altruistic and aggressive types. In the course of the game players can switch their behavior from one type to other. The use by players of types of behavior other than normal can lead to outcomes more preferable for them than in a game with only normal behavior. The example with the dynamics of simple motion on a plane and phase constraints illustrates the procedure of constructing new solutions

Dynamic surface behaviour of VPO catalysts under reactive and non-reactive gas compositions: an in-situ XAS study

The surface of an activated vanadium phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalyst was investigated by means of in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the total electron yield mode. We observed significant changes of the V L3-near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) when the material was transferred from room temperature to working conditions at 400°C in the reaction atmosphere. We studied the same VPO material under different gas compositions comprising the reaction mixture of n-butane and oxygen, pure oxygen and vacuum to elucidate the influence of the gas-surface interaction and the effect of the temperature. The results of this extensive study indicate a dynamic response of the catalyst surface to the applied conditions

Adsorbate coverages and surface reactivity in methanol oxidation over Cu(110): An in situ photoelectron spectroscopy study

The adsorbate species present during partial oxidation of methanol on a Cu(110) surface have been investigated in the 10–5 mbar range with in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and rate measurements. Two reaction intermediates were identified, methoxy with a C 1s binding energy (BE) of 285.4 eV and formate with a C 1s BE of 287.7 eV. The c(2×2) overlayer formed under reaction conditions is assigned to formate. Two states of adsorbed oxygen were found characterized by O 1s BE's of 529.6 and 528.9 eV, respectively. On the inactive surface present at low T around 300–350 K formate dominates while methoxy is almost absent. Ignition of the reaction correlates with a decreasing formate coverage. A large hysteresis of 200 K occurs in T-cycling experiments whose correlation with adsorbate species was studied with varying oxygen and methanol partial pressures. The two branches of the hysteresis differ mainly in the amount of adsorbed oxygen, the methoxy species, and a carbonaceous species. Methoxy covers only a minor part of the catalytic surface reaching at most 20%. Above 650 K the surface is largely adsorbate-free

Decomposition of light hydrocarbons on a Ni-containing glass fiber catalyst

The work is devoted to the study of the novel process of catalytic decomposition of light hydrocarbons on a catalyst at temperatures of 550 °С and 600 °C at various pressures. The CVD process is a new COx-free approach for hydrogen production. A glass fiber fabric was used as a catalyst, which was preliminarily modified by the application of additional outer layers of NiO and porous silica. A technical mixture of propane and butane was used as feedstock. The main purpose is to investigate the effects of pressure and temperature on the production of hydrogen and carbon nanofibers over a glass-based catalyst. As a result of the decomposition of the mixture, the yield of hydrogen was 266–848 L/gcat, and that of carbon nanofibers was 3–10 g/gcat. Increasing the pressure of propane-butane mixture decomposition led to an increase of the catalyst lifetime. The highest yield of hydrogen and carbon nanofibers was achieved at 1 bar and 600 °C