One-dimensional arrangements of metal atoms in transition metal carbonyl complexes of mixed main group metal alkoxides

Mixed metal alkoxides containing main group elements with ns2 electron configurations of the general formula M(OtBu)3M\u27 (M = In, Tl; M\u27 = Ge, Sn, Pb), M\u27(OtBu)3M(OtBu)3M\u27 (M = divalent metal atom, M\u27 = Ge, Sn) and (OtBu)M\u27(OtBu)2M(OtBu)2M\u27(OtBu) (M = Co, Ni; M\u27 = Ge, Sn) can be reacted with simple metal carbonyls. The products obtained are composed of a one-dimensional array of metal atoms held together by direct metal-metal bonds or by bridging alkoxide groups. The following compounds have been isolated and characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (M\u27 = Ge, Sn, Pb; M = In, Tl; MT = transition metal): M\u27(OtBu)3M-MT(CO)n, (CO)nMT-M(OtBu)3M\u27-MT(CO)n, M\u27(OtBu)3M-MT(CO)nM(OtBu)3M\u27, (CO)nMT-M\u27(OtBu)3M(OtBu)3M\u27-MT(CO)n, (CO)nMT-M\u27[OtBu](OtBu)2M(OtBu)2M(OtBu)2[OtBu]M\u27-MT(CO)n and (CO)nMT-M\u27(OtBu)3M-MT(CO)nM(OtBu)3M\u27-MT(CO)n. In addition, an oligomeric species of the general formula [Sn(OtBu)3In-Mo(CO)4]n-Sn(OtBu)3In-Mo(CO)5 with n ~ 9, 10 has been isolated

One-dimensional arrangements of metal atoms in transition metal carbonyl complexes of mixed main group metal alkoxides

Mixed metal alkoxides containing main group elements with ns2 electron configurations of the general formula M(OtBu)3M' (M = In, Tl; M' = Ge, Sn, Pb), M'(OtBu)3M(OtBu)3M' (M = divalent metal atom, M' = Ge, Sn) and (OtBu)M'(OtBu)2M(OtBu)2M'(OtBu) (M = Co, Ni; M' = Ge, Sn) can be reacted with simple metal carbonyls. The products obtained are composed of a one-dimensional array of metal atoms held together by direct metal-metal bonds or by bridging alkoxide groups. The following compounds have been isolated and characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (M' = Ge, Sn, Pb; M = In, Tl; MT = transition metal): M'(OtBu)3M-MT(CO)n, (CO)nMT-M(OtBu)3M'-MT(CO)n, M'(OtBu)3M-MT(CO)nM(OtBu)3M', (CO)nMT-M'(OtBu)3M(OtBu)3M'-MT(CO)n, (CO)nMT-M'[OtBu](OtBu)2M(OtBu)2M(OtBu)2[OtBu]M'-MT(CO)n and (CO)nMT-M'(OtBu)3M-MT(CO)nM(OtBu)3M'-MT(CO)n. In addition, an oligomeric species of the general formula [Sn(OtBu)3In-Mo(CO)4]n-Sn(OtBu)3In-Mo(CO)5 with n ~ 9, 10 has been isolated

EDGAR: An Autonomous Driving Research Platform -- From Feature Development to Real-World Application

While current research and development of autonomous driving primarily focuses on developing new features and algorithms, the transfer from isolated software components into an entire software stack has been covered sparsely. Besides that, due to the complexity of autonomous software stacks and public road traffic, the optimal validation of entire stacks is an open research problem. Our paper targets these two aspects. We present our autonomous research vehicle EDGAR and its digital twin, a detailed virtual duplication of the vehicle. While the vehicle's setup is closely related to the state of the art, its virtual duplication is a valuable contribution as it is crucial for a consistent validation process from simulation to real-world tests. In addition, different development teams can work with the same model, making integration and testing of the software stacks much easier, significantly accelerating the development process. The real and virtual vehicles are embedded in a comprehensive development environment, which is also introduced. All parameters of the digital twin are provided open-source at https://github.com/TUMFTM/edgar_digital_twin

Gene Expression of Stromelysin and Aggrecan in Osteoarthritic Cartilage

Objective: To analyze cartilage gene expression of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) in correlation with radiographic and histological findings. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one patients with OA of the knee admitted for total knee replacement were analyzed clinically and radiographically by the Kellgren and Lawrence system. During surgery, cartilage samples from the medial and lateral condyles and tibial plateaus were harvested separately. Specimens were analyzed histologically (Mankin score) and total RNA was extracted directly from cartilage tissue. Steady state levels of stromelysin (MMP-3), aggrecan (AGG) and the house-keeping gene β-actin were measured using quantitative PCR. Results: Histology of medial and lateral knee compartments corresponded to radiographic changes (Spearman correlation coefficient: r = 0.7 (p < 0.01)). There was a positive correlation between MMP-3 and AGG gene expression (r = 0.4; p < 0.01). We found considerable variation of expression levels of MMP-3 and AGG and no correlation of gene expression with histological or radiographic scoring. Conclusion: The positive correlation between AGG and MMP-3 suggests a common regulation of anabolic and catabolic metabolism. There was no simple dependency between gene expression and histological and radiological findings in cartilage.Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich

Two of a KindThe Biosynthetic Pathways of Chlorotonil and Anthracimycin

Chlorotonil A is a novel polyketide isolated from the myxobacterium <i>Sorangium cellulosum</i> So ce1525 that features a unique gem-dichloro-1,3-dione moiety. It exhibits potent bioactivity, most notably against the problematic malaria pathogen <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> in the nanomolar range. In addition, strong antibacterial and moderate antifungal activity were determined. The outstanding biological activity of chlorotonil A as well as its unusual chemical structure triggered our interest in elucidating its biosynthesis, a prerequisite for alteration of the scaffold by synthetic biology approaches. This endeavor was facilitated by a recent report describing the strikingly similar structure of anthracimycin from a marine streptomycete, a compound of considerable interest due to its potent antibacterial activity. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of the chlorotonil A biosynthetic gene cluster from So ce1525 and compare it with that for anthracimycin biosynthesis. Access to both gene clusters allowed us to highlight commonalities between the two pathways and revealed striking differences, some of which can plausibly explain the structural differences observed between these intriguing natural products