Energy and protein requirements during the growing phase of indigenous goats

The objective of this study was to investigate both energy and protein requirements for the maintenance and growth of indigenous goats, based on data from two separate studies. Goats were weaned at 79 ± 4.4 days of age, with milk and solid diet intake recorded daily. To determine energy maintenance requirements, 32 kids of 4.90 ± 0.302 kg initial body weight (BW) were used. Ten kids were slaughtered at 5.40 ± 0.484 kg BW to estimate initial body composition, with the remaining kids randomly assigned to one of two DM intake levels: ad libitum and restricted-fed (1.2-times maintenance level). Heat production (HP) was calculated as the difference between ingested metabolizable energy (MEI) and retained energy. Net energy requirement for maintenance (NEm) was estimated as the ?0 parameter of the relationship between HP and MEI [HP = ?0 × exp (?1 × MEI)]. Metabolizable energy required for maintenance (MEm) was calculated iteratively, as HP = MEI. Efficiency of energy utilization for maintenance (km) was calculated as NEm/MEm. The intercept of the linear regression of retained CP on CP intake was used to calculate net protein requirements for maintenance (NPm). Net energy and protein requirement for gain (NEg and NPg, respectively) were obtained using 26 kids fed ad libitum and randomly slaughtered at 5.40 ± 0.484 kg BW (n = 10), 15.8 ± 0.655 kg BW (n = 10), and 26.3 ± 1.27 kg BW (n = 6). The first derivative of the allometric equation (used to calculate energy and protein contents in empty body weight (EBW)) with respect to EBW yielded estimates of NEg and NPg. A Monte Carlo-based method was employed to simulate variation in MEm, NEg, and NPg. This study indicated that the net energy required for maintenance is 310.1 ± 36.7 kJ kg-0.75 EBW, with MEm estimated at 499.1 ± 52.1 kJ kg-0.75 EBW and km equal to 0.62. This study indicated that 1.246 g CP kg-0.75 EBW is required by indigenous kids weighing from 5 to 25 kg BW to meet their NPm. In addition, indigenous goats require between 186.6 ± 2.97 and 214.3 ± 12.9 g CP, and between 5.39 ± 1.49 and 9.74 ± 2.57 MJ to gain one kilogram of EBW. This study may contribute to future adjustments in feeding system energy and protein recommendations for indigenous kids

Avaliação da adoção do regime quadrimestral de partos na produção de leite caprino Evaluation of the adoption of the rules of births quarterly in goatmilk production

Procurou-se conhecer as mudanças nos índices zootécnicos e na rentabilidade de duas propriedades produtoras de leite caprino de níveis tecnológicos distintos após aplicação do regime quadrimestral de partos. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas: diagnóstico da situação inicial e simulação. O diagnóstico foi feito por meio de inquirição semi-estruturada e observações diretas realizadas em visitas periódicas. Nesta etapa observou-se a falta de registro de controle nas propriedades. Simulou-se, com auxilio de um programa montado em Microsoft® Excel, os índices zootécnicos, a estruturação do rebanho estabilizado, despesas e receitas em novos cenários técnico-produtivos, facilitando a aplicação da técnica da orçamentação parcial para comparação da situação inicial e propostas. O regime quadrimestral aumentou o rendimento da atividade, mas com uma produção constante para um mercado consumidor intermitente.<br>It tried know the changes in the zootechnic indices and in the profitability of two milk goat producers properties of distinct technological levels after application of the production system of childbirths. The research was accomplished in two stages: diagnosis of the initial situation and simulation. The diagnosis was done through inquiry semi-structured and direct observations accomplished in periodic visits. In this stage the control record lack was observed in the properties. It simulated, with assist of a program set in Microsoft® Excel, the zootechnic indices, the structure of the stabilized herd, expenses and revenues in the new situations, facilitating the application of the technique of budget partial for comparison of the initial situation and the proposal. The production system increased the revenue of the activity, however it produced milk constantly for an intermittent consuming market

UTILIZAÇÃO DE PARÂMETROS BIOQUÍMICOS NA AVALIAÇÃO DO STATUS METABÓLICO EM ANIMAIS COM RESTRIÇÃO NUTRICIONAL

Goats go through different physiological phases throughout life, so that their body composition, their nutritional requirements and their metabolic mechanisms are changed according to their needs. The use of blood biochemical parameters as a alternative to evaluate the degree of physiological suitability of the animals to the main metabolic pathways related to energy, protein and minerals, has greatly aided in evidencing metabolic problems and appears as an alternative to diagnose metabolic imbalances that may result in decreased production, low fertility and malfunction of the organs. However, the interpretation of the blood biochemical profile within the same species is somewhat complex due to the great variation, since the concentrations of each metabolite can be influenced by several factors, such as gender, age and genetic variety. Thus, the objective of this study is to address the use of biochemical parameters to evaluate the metabolic status of goats at various physiological stages along the feed restriction. The information contained in this study is important to promote the evaluation and use of more efficient animals for animal production and generate data that may explain the changes that occurred during feed restriction, as well as assist in the monitoring of body and nutritional conditions, aiming at greater economic gain and environmental.Os caprinos passam por diferentes fases fisiológicas, ao longo da vida, de forma que sua composição corporal, suas exigências nutricionais e seus mecanismos metabólicos são alterados, conforme suas necessidades. O uso de parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos como ferramentas para avaliar o grau de adequação fisiológica dos animais às principais vias metabólicas relacionadas à energia, proteína e minerais tem auxiliado bastante a evidenciar problemas metabólicos e surge como uma alternativa para diagnosticar desequilíbrios metabólicos, que podem desencadear queda na produção, baixa fertilidade e mal funcionamento dos órgãos. Entretanto, a interpretação do perfil bioquímico sanguíneo, dentro de uma mesma espécie é algo complexo, devido à sua grande variação, uma vez que as concentrações de cada metabólito podem ser influenciadas por diversos fatores, como gênero, idade e variedade genética. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo é abordar a utilização de parâmetros bioquímicos para avaliação do status metabólico de caprinos em diversas fases fisiológicas, ao longo de restrição nutricional. As informações contidas neste estudo são importantes para fomentar a avaliação e utilização de animais mais eficientes para a produção animal e gerar dados que possam explicar as modificações ocorridas durante uma restrição nutricional, bem como auxiliar na monitorização das condições corporais e nutricionais, visando maior ganho econômico e ambiental

Avaliação in situ do feno de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf cv. Basilisk submetido ao tratamento com amônia anidra ou uréia

Brachiaria decumbens Stapf cv. Basilisk hay ammoniation effects were evaluated at Unesp, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, state of São Paulo, Brazil, after harvesting at seed maturation stage and submitted to the following treatments: untreated and treated with NH3 (2.0% and 3.0% DM) or with urea (3.6% and 5.4% DM), using in situ technique with incubation bags in the rumen of fistulated animals. The experiment was conducted in split-plot randomized blocks with 3 replications. Ammoniation increased (P < 0.05) DM, OM, CP and NDF consumption rates in 6, 24 and 96-hour incubation period, but it did not affect hay degradation rates. The treatment with NH3 increased (P < 0.05) DM, OM and NDF degradation potential. The highest CP effective degradation was caused by 5.4% urea level, and the results of this investigation led to the conclusion that NH3 may be replaced by urea and that the inclusion of 5.4% of urea is the most appropriate to Brachiaria decumbens hay treatment in advanced maturation stages.Avaliaram-se na Unesp, Câmpus de Jaboticabal-SP, os efeitos da amonização do feno de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf cv. Basilisk, cortado no estádio de maturação das sementes e submetido aos seguintes tratamentos: feno não-tratado (NT) e tratado com NH3 (2,0 e 3,0% da MS) ou com uréia (3,6 e 5,4% da MS), utilizando-se a técnica in situ com sacos de náilon em bovinos fistulados no rúmen. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três repetições. Houve efeito (P < 0,05) da amonização sobre o desaparecimento da matéria seca (MS), da matéria orgânica (MO), da proteína bruta (PB) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), nos tempos de incubação de 6, 24 e 96 horas. Não houve efeito (P < 0,05) da amonização sobre a taxa de degradação do feno. O tratamento com NH3 aumentou (P < 0,05) a degradação potencial da MS, da MO e da FDN. O nível de 5,4% de uréia provocou a maior degradação efetiva da PB. Os resultados, nas condições deste estudo, permitiram concluir que a uréia pode substituir a NH3 e que o nível de 5,4% de uréia é o mais recomendável para o tratamento de feno de Brachiaria decumbens em estádios avançados de desenvolvimento

Progresso científico em pequenos ruminantes na primeira década do século XXI Scientific progress in small ruminants in the first decade of 21st century

O interesse pelos pequenos ruminantes aumentou nos últimos anos sob os aspectos produtivo e científico. No Brasil, caprinos e ovinos são os que despertam maior interesse econômico. Assim, este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de discutir o progresso científico com caprinos e ovinos nos últimos dez anos. Foram pesquisadas várias bases de dados, entre elas as do Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), da Scientific Electronic Library Online - SciELO, da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE e da Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - FAO. Na última década, os pequenos ruminantes têm merecido especial atenção dos pesquisadores, o que pode ser comprovado pelo aumento de 41% nas publicações mundiais envolvendo estas espécies, o que foi acompanhado por aumento ainda mais expressivo, 219%, em âmbito nacional. A evolução também foi observada sob os aspectos metodológicos dos projetos, ressaltando a abordagem multidisciplinar nas pesquisas mais atuais. Nos últimos dez anos, houve crescimento do aporte de recursos para editais temáticos demandados pela sociedade e pela cadeia da carne e do leite, além da preocupação com qualidade, competitividade e sustentabilidade.<br>Worldwide interest in small ruminants has increased in recent years in both, the productive and scientific aspects. In Brazil, the same trend has been observed, however, among all small ruminants, goats and sheep can be highlighted. Thus, this review aimed to discuss scientific progress in goat and sheep in the last decade. Data were collected in different databases, such as Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), Scientific Electronic Library Online - SciELO, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - FAO. In the last decade, goat and sheep have received particular attention from researchers, which can be proved by the number of publications involving these species, which increased 41% worldwide, and nationwide increase was even more expressive, 219%. Methodological aspects applied in researches have also improved, emphasizing multidisciplinary approach. Much of the scientific progress was due to increasing financial support through thematic calls demanded by society and by the productive chain of meat and milk. In these calls is noticeable the concern with product quality, competitiveness and sustainability

Protein requirements for growth in male and female Saanen goats

The objective of this study was to determine the protein requirements for the growth of intact male, female, and castrated male Saanen goats weighing 30 to 45 kg of body weight (BW) and to compare estimates of the protein requirements for maintenance (NPm) by the comparative slaughter and nitrogen balance techniques. To determine the maintenance requirements, 55 goats were assigned in a split-plot design using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement (three sexes and three dry matter intake (DMI) levels). A linear regression of retained N (as measured by the slaughter technique and estimated from the nitrogen balance) on N intake on a daily basis was used to calculate the net protein for maintenance. The net protein requirement for weight gain (NPg) was obtained using 65 goats fed ad libitum in a completely randomized design. The first derivative of the allometric equation of protein content in the empty BW with respect to the empty BW yielded estimates of the NPg. According to the comparative slaughter technique, the estimated NPm was 1.46 g/kg of metabolic weight, which is 50% lower than the estimate from the nitrogen balance technique. When evaluating the variance of the error, the nitrogen balance also showed greater values, indicating less precision compared with that of the comparative slaughter technique. The daily NPg ranged from 155.7±10.9 to 153.4±13.5 g/kg of EBW gain for growing Saanen goats. The protein requirements (NPm and NPg) of intact male, female, and castrated male Saanen goats are similar, from 30 to 45 kg BW, in accordance with current feeding systems. Moreover, the results of the present study indicate that the estimate of NPm using the comparative slaughter technique is more precise and lower than that using the N balance technique

Multivariate relationship among body protein, fat, and macrominerals of male and female Saanen goats using canonical correlation analysis

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the multivariate relationship among body protein, fat, and macrominerals in Saanen goats of different sexes (castrated males, females, and intact males) using canonical correlation analysis. Individual records of 274 Saanen goats combined from 10 studies was used. Two sets of body constituents were established: the first one contained variables related to body protein or fat (canonical variate U) and the second contained variables related to body calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, or potassium (canonical variate V). Two canonical pairs were identified for each sex. However, irrespective of sex, first canonical pairs accounted for more than 87% of variance of the dependent variables, these only being used for the analysis. For canonical variate U1, canonical weights for protein were greater than that for fat (in castrated males, protein = 0.62 and fat = 0.41; in females, protein = 0.96 and fat = 0.039; and in intact males, protein = 0.81 and fat = 0.20). For canonical variate V1, in males, the highest canonical weights were for potassium and phosphorus, whereas the lowest were for calcium (in castrated males, potassium = 0.485 > phosphorus = 0.259 > magnesium = 0.206 > sodium = 0.129 > calcium = 0.081, and in intact males, potassium = 0.499 > phosphorus = 0.459 > sodium = 0.105 > magnesium = 0.024 > calcium = 0.001). On the other hand, in females, the highest canonical weights were for potassium and calcium, whereas the lowest was for magnesium (potassium = 0.539 > calcium = 0.201 > phosphorus = 0.178 > sodium = 0.088 > magnesium = 0.081). The current results may help to understand the role of sex on strength and nature of the association among body protein, fat, and macrominerals in growing Saanen goats