A new method to detect solar-like oscillations at very low S/N using statistical significance testing

We introduce a new method to detect solar-like oscillations in frequency power spectra of stellar observations, under conditions of very low signal to noise. The Moving-Windowed-Power-Search, or MWPS, searches the power spectrum for signatures of excess power, over and above slowly varying (in frequency) background contributions from stellar granulation and shot or instrumental noise. We adopt a false-alarm approach (Chaplin et al. 2011) to ascertain whether flagged excess power, which is consistent with the excess expected from solar-like oscillations, is hard to explain by chance alone (and hence a candidate detection). We apply the method to solar photometry data, whose quality was systematically degraded to test the performance of the MWPS at low signal-to-noise ratios. We also compare the performance of the MWPS against the frequently applied power-spectrum-of-power-spectrum (PSxPS) detection method. The MWPS is found to outperform the PSxPS method.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS, Added reference

Solar-like oscillations of semiregular variables

Oscillations of the Sun and solar-like stars are believed to be excited stochastically by convection near the stellar surface. Theoretical modeling predicts that the resulting amplitude increases rapidly with the luminosity of the star. Thus one might expect oscillations of substantial amplitudes in red giants with high luminosities and vigorous convection. Here we present evidence that such oscillations may in fact have been detected in the so-called semiregular variables, extensive observations of which have been made by amateur astronomers in the American Association for Variable Star Observers (AAVSO). This may offer a new opportunity for studying the physical processes that give rise to the oscillations, possibly leading to further information about the properties of convection in these stars.Comment: Astrophys. J. Lett., in the press. Processed with aastex and emulateap

Measuring stellar oscillations using equivalent widths of absorption lines

Kjeldsen et al. (1995, AJ 109, 1313; astro-ph/9411016) have developed a new technique for measuring stellar oscillations and claimed a detection in the G subgiant eta Boo. The technique involves monitoring temperature fluctuations in a star via their effect on the equivalent width of Balmer lines. In this paper we use synthetic stellar spectra to investigate the temperature dependence of the Balmer lines, Ca II, Fe I, the Mg b feature and the G~band. We present a list of target stars likely to show solar-like oscillations and estimate their expected amplitudes. We also show that centre-to-limb variations in Balmer-line profiles allow one to detect oscillation modes with l<=4, which accounts for the detection by Kjeldsen et al. of modes with degree l=3 in integrated sunlight.Comment: MNRAS (accepted); 7 pages, LaTeX with necessary style file and PostScript figures in a single uuencoded Z-compressed .tar fil

Characteristics of solar-like oscillations in red giants observed in the CoRoT exoplanet field

Observations during the first long run (~150 days) in the exo-planet field of CoRoT increase the number of G-K giant stars for which solar-like oscillations are observed by a factor of 100. This opens the possibility to study the characteristics of their oscillations in a statistical sense. We aim to understand the statistical distribution of the frequencies of maximum oscillation power (nu_max) in red giants and to search for a possible correlation between nu_max and the large separation (delta_nu). The nu_max distribution shows a pronounced peak between 20 - 40 microHz. For about half of the stars we obtain delta_nu with at least two methods. The correlation between nu_max and delta_nu follows the same scaling relation as inferred for solar-like stars. The shape of the nu_max distribution can partly be explained by granulation at low frequencies and by white noise at high frequencies, but the population density of the observed stars turns out to be also an important factor. From the fact that the correlation between delta_nu and nu_max for red giants follows the same scaling relation as obtained for sun-like stars, we conclude that the sound travel time over the pressure scale height of the atmosphere scales with the sound travel time through the whole star irrespective of evolution.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics (CoRoT special issue), 5 pages, 7 figures and 1 tabl

Estimating stellar mean density through seismic inversions

Determining the mass of stars is crucial both to improving stellar evolution theory and to characterising exoplanetary systems. Asteroseismology offers a promising way to estimate stellar mean density. When combined with accurate radii determinations, such as is expected from GAIA, this yields accurate stellar masses. The main difficulty is finding the best way to extract the mean density from a set of observed frequencies. We seek to establish a new method for estimating stellar mean density, which combines the simplicity of a scaling law while providing the accuracy of an inversion technique. We provide a framework in which to construct and evaluate kernel-based linear inversions which yield directly the mean density of a star. We then describe three different inversion techniques (SOLA and two scaling laws) and apply them to the sun, several test cases and three stars. The SOLA approach and the scaling law based on the surface correcting technique described by Kjeldsen et al. (2008) yield comparable results which can reach an accuracy of 0.5 % and are better than scaling the large frequency separation. The reason for this is that the averaging kernels from the two first methods are comparable in quality and are better than what is obtained with the large frequency separation. It is also shown that scaling the large frequency separation is more sensitive to near-surface effects, but is much less affected by an incorrect mode identification. As a result, one can identify pulsation modes by looking for an l and n assignment which provides the best agreement between the results from the large frequency separation and those from one of the two other methods. Non-linear effects are also discussed as is the effects of mixed modes. In particular, it is shown that mixed modes bring little improvement as a result of their poorly adapted kernels.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, 20 pages, 19 figure

A comparison of Bayesian and Fourier methods for frequency determination in asteroseismology

Bayesian methods are becoming more widely used in asteroseismic analysis. In particular, they are being used to determine oscillation frequencies, which are also commonly found by Fourier analysis. It is important to establish whether the Bayesian methods provide an improvement on Fourier methods. We compare, using simulated data, the standard iterative sine-wave fitting method against a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) code that has been introduced to infer purely the frequencies of oscillation modes (Brewer et al. 2007). A uniform prior probability distribution function is used for the MCMC method. We find the methods do equally well at determining the correct oscillation frequencies, although the Bayesian method is able to highlight the possibility of a misidentification due to aliasing, which can be useful. In general, we suggest that the least computationally intensive method is preferable.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Communications in Asterosesimolog

Characterizing temporary hydrological regimes at a European scale

Monthly duration curves have been constructed from climate data across Europe to help address the relative frequency of ecologically critical low flow stages in temporary rivers, when flow persists only in disconnected pools in the river bed. The hydrological model is 5 based on a partitioning of precipitation to estimate water available for evapotranspiration and plant growth and for residual runoff. The duration curve for monthly flows has then been analysed to give an estimate of bankfull flow based on recurrence interval. The corresponding frequency for pools is then based on the ratio of bank full discharge to pool flow, arguing from observed ratios of cross-sectional areas at flood 10 and low flows to estimate pool flow as 0.1% of bankfull flow, and so estimate the frequency of the pool conditions that constrain survival of river-dwelling arthropods and fish. The methodology has been applied across Europe at 15 km resolution, and can equally be applied under future climatic scenarios

Hot Electron Capture Dissociation Distinguishes Leucine from Isoleucine in a Novel Hemoglobin Variant, Hb Askew, β54(D5)Val→Ile

Population migration has led to the global dispersion of human hemoglobinopathies and has precipitated a need for their identification. An effective mass spectrometry-based procedure involves analysis of the intact α- and β-globin chains to determine their mass, followed by location of the variant amino acid residue by direct analysis of the enzymatically digested chains and low-energy collision induced dissociation of the variant peptide. Using this procedure, a variant was identified as either β54Val→Leu or β54Val→Ile, since the amino acids leucine and isoleucine cannot be distinguished using low-energy collisions. Here, we describe how hot electron capture dissociation on a Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer was used to distinguish isoleucine from leucine and identify the mutation as β54(D5)Val→Ile. This is a novel variant, and we have named it Hb Askew

Determination of stellar radii from asteroseismic Data

The NASA Kepler mission is designed to find planets through transits. Accurate and precise radii of the detected planets depend on knowing the radius of the host star accurately, which is difficult unless the temperature and luminosity of the star are known precisely. Kepler, however, has an asteroseismology programme that will provide seismic variables that can characterise stellar radii easily, accurately, and extremely precisely. In this paper we describe the Yale-Birmingham (YB) method to determine stellar radii using a combination of seismic and conventional variables, and analyse the effect of these variables on the result. We find that for main-sequence stars, a knowledge of the parallax is not important to get accurate radii using the YB method: we can get results to an accuracy and precision of better than a few percent if we know the effective temperature and the seismic parameters for these stars. Metallicity does not make much difference either. However, good estimates of the effective temperature and metallicity, along with those of the seismic parameters, are essential to determine radii of sub giants properly. On the other hand, for red giants we find that determining radii properly is not possible without a good estimate of the parallax. We find that the so called "surface term" in the seismic data has minimal effect on the inferred radii. Uncertainties in the convective mixing length can matter under some circumstances and can cause a systematic shift in the inferred radii. Blind tests with data simulated to match those expected from the asteroseismic Survey Phase of Kepler show that it will be possible to infer stellar radii successfully using our method.Comment: Submitted to Ap

Accounting for soil moisture in rainfall-runoff modelling of urban areas

An important challenge in hydrology is the quantification of the effect of urbanisation on rainfall-runoff processes. Many existing hydrological models assume a constant percentage runoff from urban areas disconnected from soil moisture which is contrary to evidence from observational studies. The aim of this study is to explore if linking soil moisture and urban runoff generation can improve rainfall-runoff simulations. Two new conceptual representations (models) are introduced to account for hydrological effects of urban land including the introduction of a dynamic link between runoff and soil moisture. The first model uses a constant percentage runoff that will change from catchment to catchment. The second model explicitly links soil moisture and runoff from urban areas. The results show that the model with an explicit link to soil moisture performed 12% better than the fixed percentage model across 28 urban catchments located in the United Kingdom. For peak flows in highly urbanised catchments the linked model performed 17% better than the fixed percentage model.</p