The Effects Hosting an Olympic Games has on the Host Nation\u27s Economy

In today’s world, many countries put a huge emphasis on hosting/bidding for the rights to host an Olympics Games. This has caused countries to spend enormous amounts of money to improve their country in order to be selected to host this event. Thus, this paper is going to examine the benefits that these countries get from hosting an Olympic Games. We investigate the influences that hosting an Olympic Games has on that country’s gross domestic product per capita and their levels of international trade. In addition, we also examine those countries that bid for an Olympic Games, but do not win the bid to examine the effects that the even going to the trouble to bid for an Olympic Games has on the economy of those countries

Federal Justice and Moral Reform in the United States District Court in Indiana, 1816-1869

In November 1840, William Martin, an Indiana mail stage driver found himself standing in United States District Court, convicted of stealing a letter containing bank notes from the mail.^1 District Judge Jesse Lynch Holman reviewed the evidence that convinced the jury, and then lectured the defendant upon his future prospects: The prospect before you is truly dark and dreary; yet there is a distant ray of hope that may enlighten your path You may do much by a patient submission to the law—by a reformation of life and an upright line of conduct ... to some extent, to regain a station among honest men. You may do more than this: By repentance and reformation, you may obtain the approbation of Him, whose favor is better than life or liberty, and far more valuable than an earthly reputation.^2 The Judge then sentenced Martin to the minimum penalty, ten years at hard labor.^ 3 Moral reformation, the attempt to improve society by improving the character of its citizens and their institutions, is a favored topic of historians of pre-Civil War America, and Judge Holman\u27s words remind us that judges were among the many who were touched by the reforming spirit of that era. This paper is designed to suggest that issues of reform were in fact one of the features of the early District Court a century before the division that created the modem Southern District

Indication of insensitivity of planetary weathering behavior and habitable zone to surface land fraction

It is likely that unambiguous habitable zone terrestrial planets of unknown water content will soon be discovered. Water content helps determine surface land fraction, which influences planetary weathering behavior. This is important because the silicate weathering feedback determines the width of the habitable zone in space and time. Here a low-order model of weathering and climate, useful for gaining qualitative understanding, is developed to examine climate evolution for planets of various land-ocean fractions. It is pointed out that, if seafloor weathering does not depend directly on surface temperature, there can be no weathering-climate feedback on a waterworld. This would dramatically narrow the habitable zone of a waterworld. Results from our model indicate that weathering behavior does not depend strongly on land fraction for partially ocean-covered planets. This is powerful because it suggests that previous habitable zone theory is robust to changes in land fraction, as long as there is some land. Finally, a mechanism is proposed for a waterworld to prevent complete water loss during a moist greenhouse through rapid weathering of exposed continents. This process is named a "waterworld self-arrest," and it implies that waterworlds can go through a moist greenhouse stage and end up as planets like Earth with partial ocean coverage. This work stresses the importance of surface and geologic effects, in addition to the usual incident stellar flux, for habitability.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, accepted at Ap

Contributions to the Quaternary Geology of Northern Maine and Adjacent Canada

Contributions to the Quaternary Geology of Northern Maine and Adjacent Canada Bulletin 37 - Maine Geological Survey, Department of Conservation, Augusta, Maine 04333 (1988). Contents: Introduction / A GEOMORPHIC METHOD FOR RECONSTRUCTING PALEO ICE SHEETS, Part I: GLACIAL GEOLOGY. - T. Hughes and J. Fastook / A GEOMORPHIC METHOD FOR RECONSTRUCTING PALEO ICE SHEETS, Part II: GLACIOLOGY. - J. Fastook and T. Hughes / TILL STRATIGRAPHY AT THE BALD MOUNTAIN MINE SITE, NORTHERN MAINE - W. R. Holland and F. F. Bragdon / GLACIAL DISPERSAL FROM THE PRIESTLY LAKE AND DEBOULLIE PLUTONS, NORTHERN MAINE - E. F. Halter / GLACIATION OF NORTHWESTERN MAINE - T. V. Lowell and J. S. Kite / AN UNUSUAL GLACIAL STRATIGRAPHY EXPOSED IN THE AROOSTOOK RIVER VALLEY, NORTHERN MAINE - H. W. Borns, Jr. and M. P. Borns / DEGLACIATION OF NORTHWESTERN MAINE - T. V. Lowell and J. S. Kite / DEGLACIATION AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE LOWER ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY AND APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHEASTERN QUEBEC - P. LaSalle / QUATERNARY GEOLOGY OF MADAWASKA COUNTY, WESTERN NEW BRUNSWICK: A BRIEF OVERVIEW - V. N. Rampton / ICE MOVEMENTS IN MADAWASKA AND VICTORIA COUNTIES, NORTHWESTERN NEW BRUNSWICK - M. Rappol / POSTGLACIAL HISTORY OF THE UPPER ST. JOHN DRAINAGE BASIN - J. S. Kite and R. Stuckenrath / THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE UPPER ST. JOHN RIVER: OVERVIEW AND INTERPRETATION - G. P. Nicholashttps://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/me_collection/1188/thumbnail.jp

Impact of the Make Healthy Normal mass media campaign (Phase 1) on knowledge, attitudes and behaviours.

Objective: To determine the impact of the first phase of the Make Healthy Normal mass media campaign on NSW adults’ active living and healthy eating knowledge, attitudes, intentions and behaviour. Methods: Cohort design with NSW adults, followed up three times over 12 months, with n=939 participants completing all three waves. We used generalised linear mixed models to examine campaign awareness, knowledge, attitudes, intentions and behaviours over time. Results: Campaign recognition built to a reasonable level (45% at Wave 3), although unprompted recall was low (9% at Wave 3). There were significant increases in knowledge of physical activity recommendations (46% to 50%), the health effects of obesity (52% to 64%), and weight loss benefits (53% to 65%), with stronger effects in campaign recognisers. Conversely, we found declines in self-efficacy and intention to increase physical activity (39% to 31%) and decrease soft drink consumption (31% to 24%). Conclusions: Overall, there are some positives for the campaign but intentions need to be a focus of future campaign phases. Continued investment over the medium- to long-term is needed. Implications: Mass media campaigns can play a role in obesity prevention but robust evaluations are needed to identify the characteristics of effective campaigns