Współzależność pomiędzy okluzją a atrycją w grupie polskich młodych dorosłych

Cel pracy. Ustalenie poziomu atrycji w populacji szesnasto- dwudziestolatków wybranych do badania niezależnie od typu okluzji. Zaproponowano klasyfikację atrycji z jej powiązaniem z jednocześnie występującym typem okluzji biorąc pod uwagę indywidualne wskazania do leczenia ortodontycznego ocenione na podstawie metody opartej na dowodach duńskiego ministerstwa zdrowia. Materiał i metody. Materiał badawczy stanowiło 250 odlewów gipsowych (69 mężczyzn i 181 kobiet), średnia wieku 18 lat 9 miesięcy, maksimum 20 lat 9 miesięcy, minimum 16 lat 10 miesięcy), które zostały włączone do badania niezależnie od posiadanego typu okluzji. Wszystkie modele zostały przebadane przez jednego z autorów pracy (K.G.) oceniając wzajemną relację trzonowców i kłów, klasyfikację Angle’a, maksymalny nagryz pionowy i poziomy, kontakt z cingulum, przesunięcie linii pośrodkowej, zgryz krzyżowy, zgryz przewieszony i zgryz otwarty. Zgodnie z klasyfikacją badano poziom atrycji w sześciu grupach zębów (siekacze szczęki i żuchwy, kły szczęki i żuchwy, przedtrzonowce i trzonowce szczęki i żuchwy) i trzy powierzchnie (sieczna i okluzyjna, wargowa lub policzkowa, podniebienna lub językowa). Opracowano system punktacji, w którym najbardziej starty ząb w danej grupie reprezentował cały segment zębów. Wyniki. 129 osób (51,6%) przejawiało atrycję (38 mężczyzn, 91 kobiet). W największym stopniu problem dotyczył brzegów siecznych kłów w szczęce i żuchwie i siekaczy w żuchwie. Analiza statystyczna wykazała wyższy poziom występowania atrycji u pacjentów ze zgryzem wymuszonym i wadą zgryzu klasy II/2. Wnioski. Badanie wykazało wysoki poziom starcia zębów Polaków w kategorii wiekowej 16-20 lat zwłaszcza w przypadkach zgryzu wymuszonego i wady klasy II/2. Ryzyko starcia zębów powinno być uznawane za wskazanie do leczenia ortodontycznego.Aim of the study. To identify dental attrition in a group of young adults selected irrespective of occlusion. Classification of dental attrition was proposed and used to relate attrition to the type of occlusion observed simultaneously considering the subjective indication for orthodontic treatment as estimated by the evidence-based method derived by the Danish Ministry of Health. Materials and methods. The study material consisted of 250 plaster casts (69 males, and 181 females, average age 18y 9m, max 20y 9m, min 16y 10m), included in the study irrespective of the type of occlusion they exhibited. All models were examined by one author (K.G.) recording molar and canine relationship, Angle’s classification, maximum overjet and overbite, cingulum contact, midline shift, cross bite, scissors bite and open bite. Attrition was recorded using a classification assessing six tooth groups (maxillary/mandibular incisors, maxillary/mandibular canines, maxillary/mandibular buccal teeth) and three surfaces (incisal or occlusal, facial or buccal, palatal or lingual). A score system was developed and the tooth in each group seen to be most worn was selected to represent the segment. Results. 129 individuals (51.6%) manifested dental attrition (38 males, 91 females). The most affected were incisal surfaces of maxillary and mandibular canines and incisal surface of mandibular incisors. The statistic analysis showed a higher attrition incidence in patients with forced bite and Class II div 2 malocclusion. Conclusions. The study demonstrates a high prevalence of dental wear in Polish young adults, especially in forced bite and Class II div 2 malocclusion. The risk of tooth wear should be considered as a valid reason to offer orthodontic treatment

Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence-Associated Traits of Campylobacter jejuni Isolated From Poultry Food Chain and Humans With Diarrhea

The objective of this study was to test the prevalence of virulence-associated markers and antimicrobial resistance in 624 C. jejuni isolated from poultry food chain, i. e., chicken feces (n = 160), poultry carcasses (n = 157), poultry meat (n = 152) and from humans (n = 155). All human strains were positive for 9 out of 13 putative virulence genes responsible for expression of pathogenic factors involved in different stages of the infection. The presence of all markers was also high in strains from chicken feces, carcasses and meat although not all of them were identified in 100% of the isolates. On the other hand, the virB11, wlaN, and iam putative pathogenic genes were detected in only 1.9, 15.2, and 20.5% of strains, respectively. C. jejuni isolates, irrespective of the origin, were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (92.5% isolates), followed by nalidixic acid (88.9%) and tetracycline (68.4%). In case of ciprofloxacin, significantly more isolates from poultry feces, carcasses and meat were resistant than those obtained from humans and the same relationship was observed for tetracycline where the isolates from chicken feces were more often resistant than C. jejuni of carcasses and meat origin. A low number of strains was resistant to streptomycin (18.4% isolates) and only 5 strains (0.8%) displayed resistance to erythromycin. A relationship between resistance to fluoroquinolones and presence of selected pathogenic markers was observed, e.g., from 83.3% strains with the virB11 to 93.4% with the docA genes were resistant to ciprofloxacin. The isolates that did not possess any of the pathogenic traits were also mainly resistant to this antimicrobial, although the number of such strains was usually low, except virB11 (612 isolates), wlaN (529 strains), and iam (496 isolates). Furthermore, resistance to tetracycline was somehow associated with the presence of the virulence associated genes wlaN and virB11 (56.8 and 75.0% isolates, respectively). The present study shows a high antimicrobial resistance to quinolones and tetracycline of C. jejuni isolated along poultry food chain and from patients with diarrhea, which was closely correlated with the presence of several virulence genes playing a role in the pathogenesis of Campylobacter infection

flaA-SVR Based Genetic Diversity of Multiresistant Campylobacter jejuni Isolated From Chickens and Humans

Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of human foodborne bacterial infections worldwide. The objective of this study was to assess the molecular diversity, using flaA sequencing, of 602 C. jejuni isolated from chicken food chain, i.e., chicken feces (n = 151), chicken carcasses (n = 150), chicken meat (n = 150), and from humans (n = 151) and to determine antimicrobial multiresistant profiles of the isolates as well as to analyze the relationship of the isolate genotypes with their antimicrobial resistance profiles and source of isolation. Multidrug resistant patterns were identified in 110 (18.3%) C. jejuni isolates recovered from all sources and most isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NAL), streptomycin (STR), and tetracycline (TET) (92; 15.3%) or ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and tetracycline (13; 2.2%). Only a few isolates were multiresistant to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and erythromycin (3; 0.5%) or ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin (2; 0.3%). A total of 79 flaA-SVR subtypes were identified, including 40 (50.6%) unique to the isolates’ origins, with the most common sequence types 16, 54, 36, 34, and 287 which covered 56 (9.3%), 50 (8.3%), 48 (8.0%), 35 (5.8%), and 32 (5.3%) of C. jejuni isolates, respectively. It was found that 13 isolates had the novel flaA-SVR subtypes which were not present in the pubMLST database. These isolates were recovered from chicken feces (6 isolates), carcasses (2 isolates), meat (one isolate) and from humans (4 isolates). Multiresistant C. jejuni were classified into 26 different sequence subtypes. Among the most numerous multidrug resistant profile CIP+NAL+STR+TET 21 different flaA-SVR subtypes, with total of 92 isolates, were identified. Most of them were classified to 287 (18; 19.6% isolates), 100 (13; 14.1%), 34 (9; 9.8%), 208 (8; 8.7%), and 781 (8; 8.7%) molecular variants. Isolates resistant to CIP, STR and TET (13 isolates) were mainly from chicken feces (12 isolates) and classified into 5 flaA-SVR sequence types, with the most common 36 (8 isolates). The obtained results show a broad molecular diversity of multiresistant C. jejuni isolates and suggest chickens as a possible source of human Campylobacter infections in Poland

Fire Retardant Action of Layered Double Hydroxides and Zirconium Phosphate Nanocomposites Fillers in Polyisocyanurate Foams

Modern day energy codes are driving the design and multi-layered configuration of exterior wall systems with a significant emphasis on achieving high performance insulation towards improving energy performance of building envelopes. Use of highly insulating polyisocyanurate (PIR) based materials enhanced with eco-friendly lamellar inorganic fillers reinforces energy performance requirements, environmental challenges and cost reduction without compromising the overall building fire safety. The current work assessed the fire behaviour of PIR modified with three layered fillers, namely MgAlCO3 (PIR-LDH1), MgAl Stearate (PIR-LDH2) and Zirconium Phosphate octadecylamine (PIR-ZrP3). For each of the fillers, three loadings (2, 4 and 6% by weight) were used. Optical analysis by X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), cone calorimeter (CC), thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis, post-burning morphological evaluation using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT) analysis, were performed. The results indicated that fire reaction properties and thermal stability of foam samples were enhanced with all three different lamellar inorganic smart fillers. The initial degradation temperature of PIR-layered filler samples was increased, demonstrating that incorporation of flame retardants decelerated the degradation of the PIR foam and contributed to significant char formation, from 19.5% in pure PIR samples to 33% in PIR-6%LDH1 samples. Increasing the filler content also resulted in improved char properties and decreased peak Heat Release Rates (HRR) in the cone calorimeter. Due to the development of a stable char layer, samples containing 6% of ZrP3 did not ignite at 20 kW/m2 and a reduction of up to 40% in the peak HRR was achieved in PIR-2%ZrP3 samples