Web Futures: Inclusive, Intelligent, Sustainable The 2020 Manifesto for Web Science

International audienceThis Manifesto was produced from the Perspectives Workshop 18262 entitled "10 Years of Web Science" that took place at Schloss Dagstuhl from June 24-29, 2018. At the Workshop, we revisited the origins of Web Science, explored the challenges and opportunities of the Web, and looked ahead to potential futures for both the Web and Web Science. We explain issues that society faces in the Web by the ambivalences that are inherent in the Web. All the enormous benefits that the Web offers-for information sharing, collective organization and distributed activity, social inclusion and economic growth-will always carry along negative consequences, too, and 30 years after its creation negative consequences of the Web are only too apparent. The Web continues to evolve and its next major step will involve Artificial Intelligence (AI) at large. AI has the potential to amplify positive and negative outcomes, and we explore these possibilities, situating them within the wider debate about the future of regulation and governance for the Web. Finally, we outline the need to extend Web Science as the science that is devoted to the analysis and engineering of the Web, to strengthen our role in shaping the future of the Web and present five key directions for capacity building that are necessary to achieve this: (i), supporting interdisciplinarity, (ii), supporting collaboration, (iii), supporting the sustainable Web, (iv), supporting the Intelligent Web, and (v), supporting the Inclusive Web. Our writing reflects our background in several disciplines of the social and technical sciences and that these disciplines emphasize topics to various extents. We are acutely aware that our observations occupy a particular point in time and are skewed towards our experience as Western scholars-a limitation that Web Science will need to overcome

Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in 25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16 regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP, while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region. Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa, an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent signals within the same regio

Effects of Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone Antagonist On The Bovine Corpus Luteum

The size and function of the corpus luteum were examined after administration of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone antagonist. Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone antagonist was administered to three animal groups starting: 1) 2 days before the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge inducing ovulation; 2) at initiation of the preovulatory surge; and 3) 2 days after the preovulatory surge. Although size and function of the corpus luteum were suppressed in all treated groups, the greatest developmental suppression occurred when luteinizing hormone release was blocked 2 days before the preovulatory surge of LH inducing ovulation. Therefore, optimal pregnancy rates in cattle may depend on pulsatile release of LH during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle in addition to that secreted during and after ovulation

Trace Mineral Supplementation and Ovarian and Luteal Function in Pubertal Heifers

Crossbred heifers (n=19) were used to determine the effects of feeding Cu, Co, Mn and Zn in amounts greater than recommended by the NRC on ovarian function. Heifers were fed hay ad libitum and individually fed a control (n=9) or trace mineral (n=10) supplement for 109 days. Dry-matter intake, average daily gain, day luteal phase began, length of luteal phase, daily mean progesterone production, follicular phase estradiol production and first wave dominant follicle size were not affected by mineral supplementation. However, heifers in the treatment group had fewer large follicles during the early portion of the estrous cycle

Progesterone Metabolism by the Liver and Brain During the Estrous Cycle of Heifers

Heifers were used to evaluate progesterone metabolism in the liver and brain during the estrous cycle. Blood samples were collected from the carotid artery and jugular, portal and hepatic veins. Progesterone concentrations in the hepatic vein were less than in portal and jugular veins and the carotid artery, but there were no differences between the carotid artery and jugular and portal veins. Progesterone concentrations in the hepatic, portal and jugular veins represented 25, 89 and 86 percent of concentrations in the carotid artery, respectively. During the estrous cycle much of the progesterone in blood is metabolized by the liver

Better teaching in secondary schools

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