Soil-Solution Equilibration Parameters and their Relationship to the Accumulation of Potassium by Ryegrass

Three Tennessee soils (Hartsells, Maury and Grenada) were investigated with respect to the soil-solution equilibration parameters and the content of potassium in ryegrass grown in a greenhouse. The soils were fertilized with N, P and K which was varied from 0-100 ppm added to the soil. Two harvestings of ryegrass were made. The content of K, Ca and Mg in the ryegrass was measured. Soil samples were taken immediately following the first harvesting and subjected to the soil-solution equilibration technique. Two forms of equilibration curves resulted. Seven of the 33 equilibration curves were curvilinear in form, whereas the remaining 26 curves were linear. The form of the curves indicated that no release of fixed potassium occurred during the equilibration period. Liming had a significant effect on the ΔK values except for the Maury soil. The potassium buffering capacity was not affected by the K treatments for each soil; however, the buffering capacities were different for each soil. The K labile pools were significantly different due to K treatments for all soils except for the Grenada. The Maury soil had the largest K labile pool and the Grenada had the smallest. The content of K in the first cutting of ryegrass ranged from 2.8 percent to 7.8 percent while the K content of the second cutting was considerably lower. Much greater variability in the K content was found in the first cutting of ryegrass. Various regressing models were used to test the effects of soil parameters on the plant parameters. The results indicated that when any two of the three soil-solution equilibration parameters were used together in a regression model, they accounted for the variability of plant K content as well as but no better than the single parameters of soil exchangeable K or the equilibrium solution K activity

The Impact of Depression on Treatment Outcomes for Patients with Aphasia who Participate in an Intensive Comprehensive Aphasia Program (ICAP)

Abstract Background: Aphasia is a multi-modal impairment resulting from left-hemisphere stroke. Aphasia is often accompanied by post-stroke depression. Acquiring aphasia and depression is seen to hinder quality of life and rehabilitative outcomes. Traditional stroke therapy often does not monitor or treat psychological difficulties such as depression. Such psychological difficulties hinder progress in recovery and may need to be addressed in therapy to ensure the best possible outcomes. Aims: In response to the lack of psychological support for persons with aphasia, this literature review aims to explore the impact of depression on functional outcomes. Furthermore, this literature review will explore how such adverse effects can be lessened in an emerging therapy model, the intensive comprehensive aphasia program (ICAP). Main Contribution: Post stroke risk of depression is higher in those with aphasia than those without. The ideal therapy model treats the patient as a whole and involves caregivers, social support, and collaborative care, in addition to treating the impairment. Conclusions: Neglecting to treat depression in persons with aphasia (PWA) may slow recovery rates and hinder patient outcomes. Functional disabilities, such as depression, impact treatment outcomes and overall quality of life. The ICAP model encompasses the practice of treating the patient as a whole which may result in improved outcomes, both in rehabilitation and in PWA’s quality of life. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of ICAPs. In addition, collaborative care with mental health professionals to offer psychological support for PWA in ICAPs should be further explored. Keywords: aphasia, depression, stroke, rehabilitatio

Auditory Processing in Fluency Disorders

One possible cause of stuttering could be related to Auditory Processing Disorders (APD). However, at the present time there are few research studies that are able to support the relationship of APD and stuttering. One suggested link between auditory dysfunction and stuttering is that the poorer auditory processing scores by stutters reflect a basic auditory deficit, which interferes with fluency because speech is monitored through auditory feedback. The first technique to study binaural masking is the Masking Level Difference (MLD). The MLD is the difference between the SoNo and the SpNo binaurally masked thresholds. For the SoNo condition noise stimuli are presented to each ear at the same noise level and under the same conditions. However, for the SpNo condition, the signal is inverted 180 degrees. Under these two stimulus conditions the SpNo condition has a better threshold compared to the SoNo. The MLD threshold is the difference of the SoNo from the SpNo conditions. The second method of testing auditory processing differences can be accomplished using Backward Masking (BM). In a BM paradigm a target signal is presented followed by a masking signal. Typically, a pure tone is presented for 20 msec, followed by a 50 msec wide-band noise masker. Greater masking, both for the MLD and the BM tasks have been observed in subjects that are known to have APD. This study compared the results of these tests on stuttering subjects to that of non-stuttering controls. Stuttering subjects and age and gender matched non-stuttering control subjects were utilized. All subjects were at least 18 years of age

The Moral Majorit y and Education : The Power of the Pious

People operate under some significant misconceptions in contemporary America. Parents will initiate great changes when they finally realize that many people, especially professional educators, differ significantly in their definition of morality. These parents would be shocked into action if they only knew the perversity which operates in our schools under the name of humanistic morality. Once they know they will react no differently than I have (Alice Moore, leader of the Kanawha County West Virginia Textbook Controversy)

Achievement Gains and Losses of Integrated 5th Grade Resource Room Students: Martin Luther King, Jr. Elementary School, Yakima School District, 1989-1990

The achievement gains and losses of integrated 5th grade resource room students at Martin Luther King, Jr. Elementary School in the Yakima School District were studied. Nine resource room students were pre and post tested for achievement in reading, spelling, and mathematics. Teaching methods included cooperative learning, small and large group instruction, and peer tutoring. The results showed support for the integration of learning disabled students into a whole language, cooperative learning, regular education environment

THE IMPACT OF PARTICIPATION IN AN INTENSIVE COMPREHENSIVE APHASIA PROGRAM (ICAP) ON DEPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH APHASIA

Title - The Impact of Participation in an Intensive Comprehensive Aphasia Program (ICAP) on Depression in Patients with Aphasia. Purpose - The purpose of this quantitative research study was to provide an objective, retrospective analysis of the impact of participating in an intensive comprehensive aphasia program (ICAP) on depression in persons with aphasia (PWA) as measured by one standardized measure, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Methods - Participants included eight stroke survivors with aphasia and their family caregivers who participated in the summer 2018 ICAP at the University of Montana. Prior to and immediately following treatment, all participants underwent comprehensive cognitive-linguistic and psychosocial evaluation. The ICAP included 4.5 hours of treatment per day, 4 days per week, for 4 weeks. The ICAP treatment included individual, group, and technology-based speech, language, and cognitive therapy sessions, recreational outings, and home programming. Family caregiver education sessions were provided once per week, and family caregiver group counseling sessions occurred twice weekly. Results of pre and post-treatment administration of the GDS and implications of those results will be discussed. Significance - The significance of this project is multifaceted. The ICAP treatment model is relatively unexamined, with approximately 12-15 ICAPs existing worldwide. This ICAP is unique as it is the only ICAP with an interdisciplinary collaboration between speech-language pathology and counseling to address participant psychosocial well-being. Neglecting to treat depression and psychosocial well-being in PWA’s may slow recovery rates and hinder patient outcomes. Functional disabilities, such as depression, impact treatment outcomes and overall quality of life. The ICAP model encompasses the practice of treating the patient as a whole which may lessen the prevalence of depression and result in improved outcomes, both in rehabilitation and in PWA’s quality of life

Influence of Maternal Protein Restriction in Primiparous Heifers During Mid- And/Or Late Gestation on Dam Performance and Progeny Growth, Carcass Characteristics, and Gene Expression

Effect of nutrient status in gestating beef cows has been shown to impact dam performance and may affect developmental processes in the fetus that could influence offspring throughout their lives. One hundred eight Angus × Simmental heifers were utilized in a randomized complete block design with control (CON = slightly exceeding MP requirements) and restricted (R = approximately 80% of MP requirements) treatments applied during mid- and/or late gestation. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and meet net energy requirements. Dam performance measures were collected at the beginning and end of each gestation period. In a mid-gestation treatment × time interaction, R heifers lost BW and LM area (P \u3c 0.05), and % IMF tended (P \u3c 0.10) to decrease compared to CON heifers. Heifers restricted in late gestation gained less BW and lost BCS and LM area compared to CON heifers (P \u3c 0.05). Dietary treatment did not affect milk production or subsequent reproductive performance (P \u3e 0.05). Progeny were evaluated for growth performance from birth through harvest. Gene expression in longissimus dorsi muscle was evaluated at birth and before harvest for a subset of calves. There were no differences due to maternal nutritional treatments for calf birth, weaning, feedlot entry, or harvest BW (P \u3e 0.10). There were no differences in DMI, ADG, or the majority of carcass characteristics (P \u3e 0.10); however, LM area was increased in progeny from dams restricted in late gestation (P = 0.04). This was not significant when adjusted using HCW as a covariate (P \u3e 0.10). Maternal MP restriction throughout mid- and late gestation (R-R) or in late gestation only (CON-R) down-regulated (P \u3c 0.05) genes involved in muscle tissue development compared to CON-CON progeny at birth. Prior to harvest, progeny restricted in late gestation only (CON-R) had decreased expression (P \u3c 0.05) of genes related to muscle development compared to progeny restricted in mid-gestation (R-CON) or throughout gestation (R-R). Despite differences in dam performance and gene expression of progeny, it appeared that offspring were able to recover from moderate MP restriction imposed during gestation

The Enhancement of Climate Change Science Communication and Understanding Through Glacier Tourism

The natural environment provides the opportunity for educators to teach the general public about scientific topics that are misunderstood. Arctic tourism has increased as accessibility to these regions has improved. Informal learning is a valuable yet extremely understudied phenomenon within the tourism industry. Iceland is a country that lies in the North Atlantic and has experienced a significant increase in foreign visitors over the past decade. Of the natural features in Iceland, glaciers have become a top attraction for visitors. Since thousands of visitors participate in guided glacier tours annually in Iceland, an opportunity to couple glacier tourism with informal education is created. This study utilized a mixed-methods approach of pre- and postoutcome assessments, semi-structured interviews, and observations to evaluate tourist perceptions during a guided glacier tour at three popular destinations in Iceland: Sólheimajökull, Into the Glacier, and Jökulsárlón. This project aimed to assess the outcomes and applicability of informal environmental education to teach about climate change during a guided glacier tour. Results identified that learning outcomes were similar among sites. Each guided glacier tourism experience is unique in nature, but collectively produced individuals that had widened perspectives and increased understanding of glaciers and climate change

The State of Health Insurance in California: Findings From the 2003 California Health Interview Survey

Provides an overview of the shift from job-based health insurance to enrollment in public insurance programs, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of key public policy options to extend coverage to California's uninsured residents