Magnetic shielding and exotic spin-dependent interactions

Experiments searching for exotic spin-dependent interactions typically employ magnetic shielding between the source of the exotic field and the interrogated spins. We explore the question of what effect magnetic shielding has on detectable signals induced by exotic fields. Our general conclusion is that for common experimental geometries and conditions, magnetic shields should not significantly reduce sensitivity to exotic spin-dependent interactions, especially when the technique of comagnetometry is used. However, exotic fields that couple to electron spin can induce magnetic fields in the interior of shields made of a soft ferro- or ferrimagnetic material. This induced magnetic field must be taken into account in the interpretation of experiments searching for new spin-dependent interactions and raises the possibility of using a flux concentrator inside magnetic shields to amplify exotic spin-dependent signals.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

Hyperpolarized xenon nuclear spins detected by optical atomic magnetometry

We report the use of an atomic magnetometer based on nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with frequency modulated light (FM NMOR) to detect nuclear magnetization of xenon gas. The magnetization of a spin-exchange-polarized xenon sample ($1.7$cm$^3$ at a pressure of $5$bar, natural isotopic abundance, polarization 1%), prepared remotely to the detection apparatus, is measured with an atomic sensor (which is insensitive to the leading field of 0.45 G applied to the sample; an independent bias field at the sensor is $140 \mu$G). An average magnetic field of $\sim 10$nG induced by the xenon sample on the 10-cm diameter atomic sensor is detected with signal-to-noise ratio $\sim 10$, limited by residual noise in the magnetic environment. The possibility of using modern atomic magnetometers as detectors of nuclear magnetic resonance and in magnetic resonance imaging is discussed. Atomic magnetometers appear to be ideally suited for emerging low-field and remote-detection magnetic resonance applications.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

AC Stark shift noise in QND measurement arising from quantum fluctuations of light polarization

In a recent letter [Auzinsh {\it{et. al.}} (physics/0403097)] we have analyzed the noise properties of an idealized atomic magnetometer that utilizes spin squeezing induced by a continuous quantum nondemolition measurement. Such a magnetometer measures spin precession of $N$ atomic spins by detecting optical rotation of far-detuned probe light. Here we consider maximally squeezed probe light, and carry out a detailed derivation of the contribution to the noise in a magnetometric measurement due to the differential AC Stark shift between Zeeman sublevels arising from quantum fluctuations of the probe polarization.Comment: This is a companion note to physics/040309

MR400: Assessing Compliance with BMPs on Harvested Sites in Maine: Final Report

The research was designed to help answer three questions: (1) What are the documented types of impacts on water quality from forestry activities in Maine? (2) Do timber harvesters use the best management practices recommended by the state to control water pollution? (3) Are these practices effective when they are used?https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/aes_miscreports/1025/thumbnail.jp

Can a quantum nondemolition measurement improve the sensitivity of an atomic magnetometer?

Noise properties of an idealized atomic magnetometer that utilizes spin squeezing induced by a continuous quantum nondemolition measurement are considered. Such a magnetometer measures spin precession of $N$ atomic spins by detecting optical rotation of far-detuned light. Fundamental noise sources include the quantum projection noise and the photon shot-noise. For measurement times much shorter than the spin-relaxation time observed in the absence of light ($\tau_{\rm rel}$) divided by $\sqrt{N}$, the optimal sensitivity of the magnetometer scales as $N^{-3/4}$, so an advantage over the usual sensitivity scaling as $N^{-1/2}$ can be achieved. However, at longer measurement times, the optimized sensitivity scales as $N^{-1/2}$, as for a usual shot-noise limited magnetometer. If strongly squeezed probe light is used, the Heisenberg uncertainty limit may, in principle, be reached for very short measurement times. However, if the measurement time exceeds $\tau_{\rm rel}/N$, the $N^{-1/2}$ scaling is again restored.Comment: Some details of calculations can be found in a companion note: physics/040712

Women’s Leader Development Programs: Current Landscape and Recommendations for Future Programs

The gender gap in leadership positions is unjust and unproductive. In this paper, we focus on one solution – leader development. We leverage a content analysis of the top U.S. women’s leader development programs (WLDPs) and literature on women’s leadership and leader development. We provide seven evidence-based recommendations for WLDPs including: identify measurable objectives, increase access for emerging leaders, cultivate a paradox mindset around leader and gender identity, leverage experiential learning, expand networks, educate about second-generation gender bias, and align evaluations. We urge administrators to adopt our recommendations as one piece of a systematic effort to pursue gender parity in leadership

Surface water inundation in the boreal-Artic: potential impacts on regional methane emissions

Northern wetlands may be vulnerable to increased carbon losses from methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, under current warming trends. However, the dynamic nature of open water inundation and wetting/drying patterns may constrain regional emissions, offsetting the potential magnitude of methane release. Here we conduct a satellite data driven model investigation of the combined effects of surface warming and moisture variability on high northern latitude (45° N) wetland CH4 emissions, by considering (1) sub-grid scale changes in fractional water inundation (Fw) at 15 day, monthly and annual intervals using 25 km resolution satellite microwave retrievals, and (2) the impact of recent (2003-11) wetting/drying on northern CH4 emissions. The model simulations indicate mean summer contributions of 53 Tg CH4 yr-1 from boreal-Arctic wetlands. Approximately 10% and 16% of the emissions originate from open water and landscapes with emergent vegetation, as determined from respective 15 day Fw means or maximums, and significant increases in regional CH4 efflux were observed when incorporating satellite observed inundated land fractions into the model simulations at monthly or annual time scales. The satellite Fw record reveals widespread wetting across the Arctic continuous permafrost zone, contrasting with surface drying in boreal Canada, Alaska and western Eurasia. Arctic wetting and summer warming increased wetland emissions by 0.56 Tg CH4 yr-1 compared to the 2003-1 mean, but this was mainly offset by decreasing emissions (-0.38 Tg CH4 yr-1) in sub-Arctic areas experiencing surface drying or cooling. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring changes in surface moisture and temperature when assessing the vulnerability of boreal-Arctic wetlands to enhanced greenhouse gas emissions under a shifting climate

Investigation of microwave transitions and nonlinear magneto-optical rotation in anti-relaxation-coated cells

Using laser optical pumping, widths and frequency shifts are determined for microwave transitions between ground-state hyperfine components of $^{85}$Rb and $^{87}$Rb atoms contained in vapor cells with alkane anti-relaxation coatings. The results are compared with data on Zeeman relaxation obtained in nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR) experiments, a comparison important for quantitative understanding of spin-relaxation mechanisms in coated cells. By comparing cells manufactured over a forty-year period we demonstrate the long-term stability of coated cells, an important property for atomic clocks and magnetometers

Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with frequency-modulated light in the geophysical field range

Recent work investigating resonant nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR) related to long-lived (\tau\ts{rel} \sim 1 {\rm s}) ground-state atomic coherences has demonstrated potential magnetometric sensitivities exceeding $10^{-11} {\rm G/\sqrt{Hz}}$ for small ($\lesssim 1 {\rm \mu G}$) magnetic fields. In the present work, NMOR using frequency-modulated light (FM NMOR) is studied in the regime where the longitudinal magnetic field is in the geophysical range ($\sim 500 {\rm mG}$), of particular interest for many applications. In this regime a splitting of the FM NMOR resonance due to the nonlinear Zeeman effect is observed. At sufficiently high light intensities, there is also a splitting of the FM NMOR resonances due to ac Stark shifts induced by the optical field, as well as evidence of alignment-to-orientation conversion type processes. The consequences of these effects for FM-NMOR-based atomic magnetometry in the geophysical field range are considered.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure