263,992 research outputs found

    - During the Kim Il Sung and the Kim Jung Un Eras

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021. 2. ๋ฐ•ํƒœ๊ท .๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก (ABSTRACT IN KOREA) ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ณด์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ œ์žฌ์™€ ์ง•๋ฒŒ์  ์กฐ์น˜์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์žฌ์ •์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๋น„์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ต์  ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถํ•œ ๋Œ€์™ธ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „ํ™˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์™ธ๋ถ€์š”์ธ์ด ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฐํƒ•ํŠธ ์‹œ๋Œ€(1960~1979)์™€ ๊น€์ •์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€(2011~2011๋…„)์˜ ๋น„๊ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„๋œ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถํ•œ๊ณผ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์šฐ์„ , ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ ํ†ต์น˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐํƒ•ํŠธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์ฃผ์ฒด์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฌ์ •์  ์ง€์›์„ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋งบ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์™ธ๊ต์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์—๋„, ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊น€์ •์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์œ ์—”๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ œ์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ถํ•ํ•œ ์žฌ์ •์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ „๋ก€ ์—†์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์ œ์žฌ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๊น€์ •์€ ์ •๊ถŒ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์™ธ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์™ธ๊ต์ •์ฑ…๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทน๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์–‘์ธก๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ ์œ„๊ธ‰ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๋ชฉ์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ง€์› ํ–‰ํƒœ ๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ ๋Œ€์™ธ์ •์ฑ…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋Œ€์™ธ์  ์š”์ธ์—๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ œ์žฌ์™€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ง€์›, ๋‚จํ•œ์˜ ํ• ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ(Hallstein Doctrine)์›์น™์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ต์ •์ฑ… ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น„๋™๋งน์šด๋™(NAM) ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์™ธ์  ์š”์ธ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ถํ•œ๊ณผ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š”์ง€, ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€์™ธ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์–ด๋• ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. Key words :๋ถํ•œ,์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด,์™ธ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„,๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ต๋ฅ˜,๊ตญ์ œ ์ œ์žฌ,๋‚จํ•œ์˜ ํ• ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ(Hallstein Doctrine) ์›์น™ Student Number: 2017- 20782ABSTRACT North Korea, an isolated and impoverished nation, still maintains its relatively stable regime despite all the international sanctions and punitive measures. The deep analysis of the hidden foreign relation between the DPRK and Africa could extend our existing perceptions and offer alternative perspectives to handle continuous threats posed by this secretive country in different ways. In this background, crucial external reasons for the reorientation of North Korean foreign policy in Africa will be analyzed by a comparative study between the Dรฉtente period (1960-1979) during the Kim Il Sung era and the Kim Jung Un eras (2011- present). Why does the foreign relation between North Korea and African nations matter? In the past, North Korea pursued amicable diplomatic relations with African nations for decades ultimately to obtain reliable supports from them on the international stage in the diplomatic competition with South Korea. Besides promoting the ideology Juche (self-reliance) and providing infrastructure and military assistance to African countries, North Korea passionately tried to bond close ties with the African counterparts to escape from its isolated international position. Even until Nowadays, some African countries have still functioned as financial lifelines for the benefits of the DPRK against severe sanctions imposed by the U.N. and the United States, the official diplomatic exchanges between the two regions have significantly decreased. The difference in the previous and current North Korean foreign policy strategies in Africa can be more clearly presented by comparing the dรฉtente period when North Korea established the most robust diplomatic relations with African nations and the recent Kim Jong Un regime when its whole external relation is greatly limited under the unprecedentedly severe international sanctions. Firstly, the shifted North Korean foreign policy in Africa during the two different periods will be measured by two indicators: the exchange of high-level officers and the military assistance from North Korea to African nations. Secondly, the four external factors that have been influencing North Koreas foreign policy were selected: international sanctions, military assistance from the DPRK, the Hallstein doctrine of South Korea, and the solidarity of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). By closely reviewing these factors individually and analyzing what influence they have had on the diplomatic relation between the DPRK and Africa, it will be revealed how the reorientation of the DPRKs foreign policy in Africa has been evolved. Keywords: North Korea, Africa, diplomatic relation, military exchange, international sanction, Hallstein doctrine of South Korea Student Number: 2017- 20782I. INTRODUCTION 1 1. Research Background 1 2. Research Questions & Hypothesis 5 3. Literature Review 7 4. Methodology 11 II. DEFINITION OF FOREIGN POLICY 14 1. The difference between Foreign Policy and diplomacy 14 2. The determinants of Foreign Policy 16 III. GENERAL REVIEW 18 1. The overview of foreign relations between North Korea and Africa 18 2. A comparative study between Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Un Eras 23 IV. REDIRECTION OF NORTH KOREAN FOREIGN POLICY IN AFRICA 26 1. Official exchanges of high-level officers 26 2. The military assistance 38 V. ANALYSIS OF THE EXTERNAL FACTORS 46 1 Sanction on the trade between the DPRK and African nations 47 2 The Hallstein doctrine of South Korea 63 3 The solidarity of NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) 67 VI. CONCLUSION 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY 77 ABSTRACT IN KOREA 87 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 89Maste

    Su Hyun Kim, Piano

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    Sonata C Major Hob: HVI:48 / J. Haydn; Rhapsodie Espagnole S. 254 / F. Liszt; Piano Concerto No. 3 Op. 26 / S. Prokofie

    Pola Komunikasi untuk Pemberdayaan Kelompok Informasi Masyarakat dalam Menyukseskan Program Swasembada Pangan

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    Kelompok Informasi Masyarakat (KIM) merupakan lembaga komunikasi nonformal di daerah mempunyai peran strategis di masyarakat, tetapi keberadaannya belum bisa mengakomodir program swasembada pangan seperti yang dicanangkan Presiden Joko Widodo. Hal ini karena pola komunikasi terpadu antara masyarakat dengan unsur stakeholder di daerahnya belum terbangun secara sinergis, serta belum terbangunnya kesadaran masyarakat akan pentingnya program ini. Fokus kajian ini mengungkap bagaimana pola komunikasi yang tepat untuk pemberdayaan KIM dalam menyukseskan program swasembada pangan. Tujuannya adalah terbangunnya suatu pola komunikasi KIM yang lebih baik dalam menghadapi program tersebut. Penelitian menggunakan paradigma studi kasus dengan pendekatan kualitatif, kemudian disusun suatu penguatan pola atau model komunikasi yang tepat dalam menghadapi program tersebut. Subyek penelitian adalah masyarakat dan para stakeholder setempat yang dipandang memahami masalah penelitian ini. Lokasi adalah KIM Palasari, Desa Palasari, Kecamatan Cilengkrang, Kota Bandung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pola pemberdayaan komunikasi KIM adalah dengan model komunikasi pendampingan yang lebih terarah dari para stakeholders dan mengembangkan komunikasi kelompok yang lebih demokratis kepada para anggotanya. Pola komunikasi linier (sinergi) secara top down dan bottom up antara KIM dengan para stakeholder yang kompeten perlu penguatan untuk memberikan pemahaman yang benar dalam berkomunikasi

    1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ณ ๋‚œ์˜ ํ–‰๊ตฐ๊ธฐ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์ •์น˜๋‹ด๋ก  ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ „๊ณต),2019. 8. ์ด๊ทผ.1990๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ์ •์น˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ ์ „ ์ „๋žต์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์ •๊ถŒ์€ ์ฒซ ์ง€๋„์ž ์ง€์œ„ ๊ณ„์Šน์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์–ด๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์„ธ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ญ์ผ๋ฌด์žฅํˆฌ์Ÿ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๊ณ ๋‚œ์˜ ํ–‰๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์†Œํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์น˜๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์น˜๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ •์น˜๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ํ‘œ๋ฐฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ง€๋„์ž์˜ ์—ฐ์„ค๋ฌธ, ์‹ ๋ฌธ, ์˜ํ™”, ์Œ์•… ๋“ฑ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ ์ „๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ๋™์ „๋žต์—์„œ ๋ถํ•œ ์ •๊ถŒ ํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทผ์›์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์„  ์ ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋น„ํŒ, ํ•ญ์ผํˆฌ์Ÿ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ์†Œํ™˜, ๊ณต๊ฐ ์œ ๋ฐœ, ์ž๊ธฐ ํฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์œ ์ธ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ ์ •์น˜๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •์น˜๋‹ด๋ก ๊ณผ ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ์Šต์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ •๋‹นํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์œ ์ผ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์™„์„ฑํ•œ 1970๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ์ •์น˜๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •์น˜๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์  ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •์น˜๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ๋ถํ•œ์—์„œ ์‹ ํ™”๋กœ ๊ตณ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ํ•ญ์ผํˆฌ์Ÿ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๊ณ ๋‚œ์˜ ํ–‰๊ตฐ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค-๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์–ด ์„ธ์Šต์ •์น˜์˜ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‹น์‹œ ์„ ๋™์ „๋žต์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์ •๊ถŒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ๋Œ€๊ตญ์„ ์ด๋ฃฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ถํ•œ์ •๊ถŒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ๋Œ€๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฟˆ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถํ•œ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ•๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€์–ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ •์น˜๋‹ด๋ก ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถํ•œ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋ฐฉํ•ด์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.For North Koreas regime resilience, the political and economic crisis in the 1990s presented challenges which required a change in its propaganda strategy. In order to overcome the political challenge of power transfer and the economic difficulties caused by natural disasters and changing international order, the North Korean regime has revived the memory of the Arduous March during the Japanese colonial period in its propaganda. For the new discourse to legitimately invoke the past memories, the discourse has to be grounded upon historical facts as well as a constant structure of previous discourses for continuity. Through analyzing the propaganda works of public speeches, newspapers, movies and music, the paper attempts to find the source of the North Koreas regime resilience in the mobilization strategy. The paper first identified the continuous structure of constructing and criticizing state enemies, recalling the memory of anti-Japanese struggle, eliciting empathy, and inducing self-sacrifice of the people. Then, the contents of the propaganda during the economic difficulties of 1990s are compared to the propaganda used during the 1970s to justify the monolithic ideology of Kim Il-sung which allowed the family dictatorship to exist. Though, the structure of propaganda has remained unchanged for legitimacy, the contents have changed to meet the demand of the external and internal changes. The discourse formed during the economic crisis relied heavily on the apocryphal fable of the Arduous March during the Japanese colonial period to justify the new ruling principles detached from the traditional Marxismโ€“Leninism and to legitimize the ruling Kim family. The mobilization strategy also aimed at strengthening the social solidarity through creating a shared memory of the history. The North Korean regime has claimed that it has overcome the economic crisis and has achieved the goal of creating a strong military and ideological state. And, the regime has emphasized that economic development will be accomplished soon. However, the current situation of North Korea is quite distant from its presented goal of economic power. Limitations stemming from the previous discourses have also provided obstacles for the regime to make policy decisions toward economic development.Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Motive 3 1.2 Structure 7 2. Literature Review & Research Question 9 2.1 Regime Resilience 9 2.2 Propaganda 10 2.3 Economic Difficulties in the 1990s 13 2.4 Research Question 15 3. Research Design 18 3.1 Research Question 15 3.2 Research Question 15 3.3 Research Question 15 4. Political Discourse Analysis 20 4.1 Legitimizing Kim Il-sungs Monolithic Ideology 26 4.1.1 Criticism to Claim Superiority 27 4.1.2 Recalling the Memory: Making Legend of Kim Il-Sung 29 4.1.3 Eliciting Empathy: Large Family and Orphans 31 4.1.4 Inducing Self-Sacrifice: Partisan Spirit 33 4.2 Kim Jong-ils Response to Crisis 33 4.2.1 Criticism to Identify Scapegoat 43 4.2.2 Recalling the Memory: Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il and Mt. Paektu 34 4.2.3 Eliciting Empathy: Innate Good and Maternal Affection 3 4.2.4 Inducing Self-Sacrifice: One for All 42 5. Policy Implementation of the Discourse to Three Major Strongholds 46 5.1 Social Policy: Songun Policy 49 5.2 Economic Policy: System of Economic Regional Self-Sufficiency 53 5.3 Defense & Foreign Policy: Anti-America/Imperialist Stance and Self-Reliance 56 6. Conclusion 59 6.1 Impact of the Arduous March 60 6.2 Implications 61 References Abstract (Korean)Maste

    Famine in North Korea (1990's to Present): Agricultural Reform Policy and Food Security Under Kim Jong Un

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œ์ง€์—ญํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2020. 8. Sheen, Seong-ho.This study aims to unveil the truth about famine, agriculture reform policies and food security in North Korea. The study examines what truly embodies famine, its indicators and its consequences towards constituents. Furthermore, it takes a closer look into the rise of the Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un. With this in mind, it examines Kim Jong Un and his commitment to transforming North Korean society with specific emphasis on agriculture. This is an observational analysis that aims to confirm that former agricultural policies have been ineffective for a number of reasons (e.g. government and regional inconsistencies, lack of arable land, environmental issues, lack of resources etc). In addition to this, the study aims to explore whether or not Kim Jong Un is taking strategic measures to ensure food security for North Korea. In order to evaluate and analyze, first we must take a closer look at the history of agricultural reform policies to see how they directly influence food security and famine in North Korea. Furthermore, this study will examine how the historical background directly influenced many of these changes. The core of this research relies on the observation of agricultural developments and setbacks. This study examines Kim Jong Uns movement within the agriculture sector to examine whether the young leader is working towards securing food for the North Korean people.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ, ๋†์—…๊ฐœํ˜ ์ •์ฑ…, ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ์™€ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž ๊น€์ •์€์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋†์—…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์›์ธ (์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ค‘์•™ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฐ„ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๋ชจ์ˆœ, ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ์ž์› ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋“ฑ)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋†์—… ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๊น€์ •์€์ด ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๋žต์  ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ์„  ๋†์—… ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์•ˆ๋ณด์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๋ถํ•œ ๋†์—…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ง€์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋†์—… ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊น€์ •์€์˜ ํ–‰๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Literature Review 4 Chapter 3. Measuring the Indicators of Famine. 7 3.1 Measuring Famine 7 3.2 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC). 8 3.3 Famine Intensity and Magnitude Scales. 13 3.4 Crude Mortality Rate (CMR) 18 3.5 Cause-Specific Mortality Rate 19 3.6 Measuring Acute Malnutrition 20 3.7 Importance for Food Security 22 Chapter 4. The North Korean Famine (1990-1998). 24 4.1 Historical Background 24 4.2 Mismanagement of the Economic and Agriculture Sector 25 4.3 Climate Disturbance . 31 4.4 Government Neglect. 32 4.4.1 Failure in Distribution 32 4.4.2 Issues Regarding International Aid Relief.. 35 Chapter 5. Food Security in North Korea 38 5.1 Public Distribution System (PDS). 39 5.2 International Aid 42 5.3 Black Markets 46 5.4 Ideology & Enacted Policies 47 5.4.1 Juch Ideology (์ฃผ์ฒด์‚ฌ์ƒ) 48 5.4.2 Military First 49 5.4.3 Two Meals A Day. 50 Chapter 6. Consequences Towards Constituents. 52 6.1 Death Toll & Malnutrition 52 6.2 Impact on Agriculture 58 6.3 Rise of Kotjebe (๊ฝƒ์ œ๋น„) 59 6.4 Continuous Struggle with Famine 60 Chapter 7. The Dawn of a New Era 62 7.1. The Rise of Kim Jong Un 62 7.1.1 Leadership and Personality Traits 64 7.2. Vision Changes for North Korea 65 7.2.1 North Korean Economy 66 7.2.2 Nuclear Program 67 7.2.3 International Political Engagement 70 Chapter 8. Agriculture Reform Policies. 75 8.1 The History of Agriculture Reforms Policies in North Korea 75 8.2 Agriculture Reform Policy under Kim Jong Un. 83 8.2.1 Field Responsibility System (FRS) 84 Chapter 9. Observations & Analysis 86 9.1 Agriculture Developments. 86 9.1.1 Military-run Farms. 87 9.1.2 Greenhouse Farms 90 9.1.3 Fertilizer Plant 92 9.1.4 Expansion of Agriculture Science Research Institutes 94 9.1.5 Reform Policy Success 95 9.2 Agriculture Setbacks 96 9.2.1 Continuation of Climate Disturbance & Lack of Resources 96 9.2.2 Unrealistic Expectations 98 9.2.3 Lack of Guidance. 99 9.2.4 Complications due to COVID-19 Pandemic 100 Chapter 10. Conclusion 103 Bibliography ix Appendix. xvi A. Interview with Professor Clark Sorenson Acknowledgments xxMaste

    Subsampling inference in cube root asymptotics with an application to Manski's maximum score estimator

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    Kim and Pollard (Annals of Statistics, 18 (1990) 191?219) showed that a general class of M-estimators converge at rate n1/3 rather than at the standard rate n1/2. Many times, this situation arises when the objective function is non-smooth. The limiting distribution is the (almost surely unique) random vector that maximizes a certain Gaussian process and is difficult to analyze analytically. In this paper, we propose the use of the subsampling method for inferential purposes. The general method is then applied to Manski?s maximum score estimator and its small sample performance is highlighted via a simulation study.Publicad
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