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- During the Kim Il Sung and the Kim Jung Un Eras
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ตญ์ ๋ํ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ๊ณผ(ํ๊ตญํ์ ๊ณต), 2021. 2. ๋ฐํ๊ท .๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ด๋ก
(ABSTRACT IN KOREA)
ํต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ง๋ฒ์ ์กฐ์น์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ์์ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ด์
ํ ๋ถํ์ ์ฌ์ ํ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ ์ธ ์ ๊ถ์ ์ ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ถํ์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ด๊ณ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์ด ์์ธํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ง ์์๋ ๋น์ฃผ๋ฅ์ ์ํ๋ ์ธ๊ต์ ํ์์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ฐํ ๋ถ์์ ๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ํ์ด ๋๋ ๋ถํ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๋ค๋ฃฐ ์ ์๋ ๋์์ ์ธ ๊ด์ ์ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๋ํ ๋ถํ ๋์ธ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ฐฉํฅ ์ ํ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ถ์์ธ์ด ๊น์ผ์ฑ ์๋ ๋ฐํํธ ์๋(1960~1979)์ ๊น์ ์ ์๋(2011~2011๋
)์ ๋น๊ต์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์ ๋ถ์๋๋ค.
์ด๋ค ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ๋ถํ๊ณผ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๊ต ๊ด๊ณ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ? ์ฐ์ , ๊น์ผ์ฑ ํต์น ์๊ธฐ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ฐํํธ ์๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๋ถํ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ฌ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฐ์ฌ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ง์์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ๋ฑ ์์ ๋ ์ธ๊ต ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๋งบ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ต์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ธฐ์ธ์๋ค. ์ดํ์๋, ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์์น์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์ญ ๋
๋์ ๋ถํ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฐํธ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ต ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋ค. ๋ํ, ๊น์ ์ ์๋์ ๋ค์ด์๋ ์ผ๋ถ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์ ์ง์์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ต๋ฅ๋ ์ ์๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ฌ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ถํํ ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ณด์ถฉํ๋ ์ค์ํ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ์๋ค. ๋ถํ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๊ต ์ ์ฑ
์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ํ๋ฐํ๋ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ก ์์ด ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ง๋ฉดํ ๊น์ ์ ์ ๊ถ ์๋์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋น๊ตํ๋ฉด ๋ถํ์ ์ธ๊ต์ ์ฑ
๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ทน๋ช
ํ๊ฒ ์ดํด๋ณผ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ณํ๋ ๋ถํ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๊ต ์ ์ฑ
์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์์ธก๊ฐ์ ๊ณ ์๊ธ ๊ฐ๋ถ์ ์ํธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ ๋น๋์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๋ชฉ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ถํ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ํ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ์ง์ ํํ ๋ถ์ ๋ฑ์ ์งํ๋ก ์ธก์ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ถํ ๋์ธ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ 4๊ฐ์ง ์ฃผ์ ๋์ธ์ ์์ธ์๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๋ํ ๋ถํ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ์ง์, ๋จํ์ ํ ์ํ์ธ(Hallstein Doctrine)์์น์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ ์ธ๊ต์ ์ฑ
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋น๋๋งน์ด๋(NAM) ์ฐ๋ ๋ฑ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋์ธ์ ์์ธ์ด ์ค์ ๋ก ๋ถํ๊ณผ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ธ๊ต ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ด๋ค ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋์ง, ๋ํ ๋ถํ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋์ธ์ ์ฑ
์ ์๊ธฐ๋ณ ์ ํ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ด๋ ๋์ง ์์ธํ ๊ฒํ ํ ์์ ์ด๋ค.
Key words :๋ถํ,์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด,์ธ๊ต ๊ด๊ณ,๊ตฐ์ฌ๊ต๋ฅ,๊ตญ์ ์ ์ฌ,๋จํ์ ํ ์ํ์ธ(Hallstein Doctrine) ์์น
Student Number: 2017- 20782ABSTRACT
North Korea, an isolated and impoverished nation, still maintains its relatively stable regime despite all the international sanctions and punitive measures. The deep analysis of the hidden foreign relation between the DPRK and Africa could extend our existing perceptions and offer alternative perspectives to handle continuous threats posed by this secretive country in different ways. In this background, crucial external reasons for the reorientation of North Korean foreign policy in Africa will be analyzed by a comparative study between the Dรฉtente period (1960-1979) during the Kim Il Sung era and the Kim Jung Un eras (2011- present).
Why does the foreign relation between North Korea and African nations matter? In the past, North Korea pursued amicable diplomatic relations with African nations for decades ultimately to obtain reliable supports from them on the international stage in the diplomatic competition with South Korea. Besides promoting the ideology Juche (self-reliance) and providing infrastructure and military assistance to African countries, North Korea passionately tried to bond close ties with the African counterparts to escape from its isolated international position.
Even until Nowadays, some African countries have still functioned as financial lifelines for the benefits of the DPRK against severe sanctions imposed by the U.N. and the United States, the official diplomatic exchanges between the two regions have significantly decreased. The difference in the previous and current North Korean foreign policy strategies in Africa can be more clearly presented by comparing the dรฉtente period when North Korea established the most robust diplomatic relations with African nations and the recent Kim Jong Un regime when its whole external relation is greatly limited under the unprecedentedly severe international sanctions.
Firstly, the shifted North Korean foreign policy in Africa during the two different periods will be measured by two indicators: the exchange of high-level officers and the military assistance from North Korea to African nations. Secondly, the four external factors that have been influencing North Koreas foreign policy were selected: international sanctions, military assistance from the DPRK, the Hallstein doctrine of South Korea, and the solidarity of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). By closely reviewing these factors individually and analyzing what influence they have had on the diplomatic relation between the DPRK and Africa, it will be revealed how the reorientation of the DPRKs foreign policy in Africa has been evolved.
Keywords: North Korea, Africa, diplomatic relation, military exchange, international sanction, Hallstein doctrine of South Korea
Student Number: 2017- 20782I. INTRODUCTION 1
1. Research Background 1
2. Research Questions & Hypothesis 5
3. Literature Review 7
4. Methodology 11
II. DEFINITION OF FOREIGN POLICY 14
1. The difference between Foreign Policy and diplomacy 14
2. The determinants of Foreign Policy 16
III. GENERAL REVIEW 18
1. The overview of foreign relations between North Korea and Africa 18
2. A comparative study between Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Un Eras 23
IV. REDIRECTION OF NORTH KOREAN FOREIGN POLICY IN AFRICA 26
1. Official exchanges of high-level officers 26
2. The military assistance 38
V. ANALYSIS OF THE EXTERNAL FACTORS 46
1 Sanction on the trade between the DPRK and African nations 47
2 The Hallstein doctrine of South Korea 63
3 The solidarity of NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) 67
VI. CONCLUSION 71
BIBLIOGRAPHY 77
ABSTRACT IN KOREA 87
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 89Maste
Su Hyun Kim, Piano
Sonata C Major Hob: HVI:48 / J. Haydn; Rhapsodie Espagnole S. 254 / F. Liszt; Piano Concerto No. 3 Op. 26 / S. Prokofie
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1990๋ ๋ ๊ณ ๋์ ํ๊ตฐ๊ธฐ ๋ถํ์ ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ๋ถ์
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๊ตญ์ ๋ํ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ ํ๋ ฅ์ ๊ณต),2019. 8. ์ด๊ทผ.1990๋
๋์ ์ ์น ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ ๋ถํ์ ๊ถ์ ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ํด ์ ์ ์ ๋ต์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํด์๋ค. ๋ถํ์ ๊ถ์ ์ฒซ ์ง๋์ ์ง์ ๊ณ์น์์ ์ค๋ ์ ์น์ ์ด๋ ค์๊ณผ ์์ฐ์ฌํด ๋ฐ ๋ณํํ๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ธ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ํญ์ผ๋ฌด์ฅํฌ์์๊ธฐ ๊ณ ๋์ ํ๊ตฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ต์ ์ํํ์ฌ ์๋ก์ด ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์ ์์ฑํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์์ฑ๋ ์๋ก์ด ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ต์ ํจ์จ์ ์ผ๋ก ํธ์ถํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํด์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ํ๋ฐฉํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ง๋์์ ์ฐ์ค๋ฌธ, ์ ๋ฌธ, ์ํ, ์์
๋ฑ ๋ถํ์ ๋ค์ํ ์ ์ ๋ฌผ์ ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ ์ ๋์ ๋ต์์ ๋ถํ ์ ๊ถ ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ ๊ทผ์์ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฐ์ ์ ์ ํ์ฑ ๋ฐ ๋นํ, ํญ์ผํฌ์์ญ์ฌ์ ์ํ, ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ ๋ฐ, ์๊ธฐ ํฌ์์ผ๋ก์ ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ถํ ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ์๋ค. ๋์๊ฐ 1990๋
๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ๊ณผ ํ์ฌ ์ธ์ต์ ๋๋ฅผ ์ ๋นํ ์ํค๋ ์ ์ผ์ฌ์์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ 1970๋
๋์ ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์ ํด๋น ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋น๊ตํ๋ค. ๋น๊ต๋ถ์์ ํตํด์ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ๋ณํํ์ง ์์์ผ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ตญ๋ด์ธ์ ์๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณํํ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 1990๋
๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์ด ๋ถํ์์ ์ ํ๋ก ๊ตณ์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ํญ์ผํฌ์์๊ธฐ ๊ณ ๋์ ํ๊ตฐ์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ํฌ๊ฒ ์์กดํ์ฌ ๋ง๋ฅดํฌ์ค-๋ ๋์ฃผ์์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฌํ์ฃผ์์ฌ์์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ด ์ธ์ต์ ์น์ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๋ํ, ๋น์ ์ ๋์ ๋ต์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๋ํ ๊ณตํต๋ ๊ธฐ์ต์ ํ์ฑํ์ฌ ์ฌํ์ ์ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ๊ฐํ์์ผฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
๋ถํ์ ๊ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ์๊ณ ์ฌ์๊ณผ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ฑ๋๊ตญ์ ์ด๋ฃฉํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ต๊ทผ ๋ถํ์ ๊ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ถ์ผ์์๋ ๊ฐ์ฑ๋๊ตญ์ ๊ฟ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ๋ชฉํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํด์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ํ์ค์์์ ๋ถํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ ๊ฑด์ค์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ชฉํ์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฉ์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ ์น๋ด๋ก ์์ ์ค๋ ์ ์ฝ ๋ํ ๋ถํ์ ๊ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐฉํด์์๋ก ์์ฉ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.For North Koreas regime resilience, the political and economic crisis in the 1990s presented challenges which required a change in its propaganda strategy. In order to overcome the political challenge of power transfer and the economic difficulties caused by natural disasters and changing international order, the North Korean regime has revived the memory of the Arduous March during the Japanese colonial period in its propaganda. For the new discourse to legitimately invoke the past memories, the discourse has to be grounded upon historical facts as well as a constant structure of previous discourses for continuity. Through analyzing the propaganda works of public speeches, newspapers, movies and music, the paper attempts to find the source of the North Koreas regime resilience in the mobilization strategy.
The paper first identified the continuous structure of constructing and criticizing state enemies, recalling the memory of anti-Japanese struggle, eliciting empathy, and inducing self-sacrifice of the people. Then, the contents of the propaganda during the economic difficulties of 1990s are compared to the propaganda used during the 1970s to justify the monolithic ideology of Kim Il-sung which allowed the family dictatorship to exist. Though, the structure of propaganda has remained unchanged for legitimacy, the contents have changed to meet the demand of the external and internal changes.
The discourse formed during the economic crisis relied heavily on the apocryphal fable of the Arduous March during the Japanese colonial period to justify the new ruling principles detached from the traditional MarxismโLeninism and to legitimize the ruling Kim family. The mobilization strategy also aimed at strengthening the social solidarity through creating a shared memory of the history.
The North Korean regime has claimed that it has overcome the economic crisis and has achieved the goal of creating a strong military and ideological state. And, the regime has emphasized that economic development will be accomplished soon. However, the current situation of North Korea is quite distant from its presented goal of economic power. Limitations stemming from the previous discourses have also provided obstacles for the regime to make policy decisions toward economic development.Table of Contents
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Motive 3
1.2 Structure 7
2. Literature Review & Research Question 9
2.1 Regime Resilience 9
2.2 Propaganda 10
2.3 Economic Difficulties in the 1990s 13
2.4 Research Question 15
3. Research Design 18
3.1 Research Question 15
3.2 Research Question 15
3.3 Research Question 15
4. Political Discourse Analysis 20
4.1 Legitimizing Kim Il-sungs Monolithic Ideology 26
4.1.1 Criticism to Claim Superiority 27
4.1.2 Recalling the Memory: Making Legend of Kim Il-Sung 29
4.1.3 Eliciting Empathy: Large Family and Orphans 31
4.1.4 Inducing Self-Sacrifice: Partisan Spirit 33
4.2 Kim Jong-ils Response to Crisis 33
4.2.1 Criticism to Identify Scapegoat 43
4.2.2 Recalling the Memory: Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il and Mt. Paektu 34
4.2.3 Eliciting Empathy: Innate Good and Maternal Affection 3
4.2.4 Inducing Self-Sacrifice: One for All 42
5. Policy Implementation of the Discourse to Three Major Strongholds 46
5.1 Social Policy: Songun Policy 49
5.2 Economic Policy: System of Economic Regional Self-Sufficiency 53
5.3 Defense & Foreign Policy: Anti-America/Imperialist Stance and Self-Reliance 56
6. Conclusion 59
6.1 Impact of the Arduous March 60
6.2 Implications 61
References
Abstract (Korean)Maste
Famine in North Korea (1990's to Present): Agricultural Reform Policy and Food Security Under Kim Jong Un
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ตญ์ ๋ํ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ ์ง์ญํ์ ๊ณต), 2020. 8. Sheen, Seong-ho.This study aims to unveil the truth about famine, agriculture reform policies and food security in North Korea. The study examines what truly embodies famine, its indicators and its consequences towards constituents. Furthermore, it takes a closer look into the rise of the Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un. With this in mind, it examines Kim Jong Un and his commitment to transforming North Korean society with specific emphasis on agriculture. This is an observational analysis that aims to confirm that former agricultural policies have been ineffective for a number of reasons (e.g. government and regional inconsistencies, lack of arable land, environmental issues, lack of resources etc). In addition to this, the study aims to explore whether or not Kim Jong Un is taking strategic measures to ensure food security for North Korea.
In order to evaluate and analyze, first we must take a closer look at the history of agricultural reform policies to see how they directly influence food security and famine in North Korea. Furthermore, this study will examine how the historical background directly influenced many of these changes. The core of this research relies on the observation of agricultural developments and setbacks. This study examines Kim Jong Uns movement within the agriculture sector to examine whether the young leader is working towards securing food for the North Korean people.๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ถํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ, ๋์
๊ฐํ ์ ์ฑ
, ์๋ ์๋ณด์ ์ง์ค์ ๋ฐํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ฌด์์ด ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์ ์งํ์ ๊ทธ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ๋์๊ฐ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ถํ์ ์ง๋์ ๊น์ ์์ ๋ถ์์ ๋ํด์๋ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ๋ค. ํนํ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋์
์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ถํ ์ฌํ์ ๊ฐํ์ ๋ํ ์์ง์ ๋ํด ์์๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ์ ์๋ ๊ด์ฐฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์ธ (์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, ์ค์ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ง์ญ๊ฐ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ชจ์, ๊ฒฝ์์ง ๋ถ์กฑ, ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ , ์์ ๋ถ์กฑ ๋ฑ)์ ์ํด ๋์
๊ฐํ ์ ์ฑ
์ด ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋์ง ๋ชปํ์์ ํ์ธํ๊ณ , ๊ณผ์ฐ ๊น์ ์์ด ๋ถํ์ ์๋ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ ๋ต์ ํ๋จ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.
ํ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ์์ ์ํด์๋ ์ฐ์ ๋์
๊ฐํ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ด์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์๋ ์๋ณด์ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ค ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋์ง ์์๋ณด์์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ณํ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ผ์ณค๋์ง ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํต์ฌ์ ๋ถํ ๋์
์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ ์ง์ฐ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฐฐ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋์
๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ์์ด ๊น์ ์์ ํ๋ณด๋ ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง ์ฐ๊ตฌํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ถํ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ ์๋ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Literature Review 4
Chapter 3. Measuring the Indicators of Famine. 7
3.1 Measuring Famine 7
3.2 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC). 8
3.3 Famine Intensity and Magnitude Scales. 13
3.4 Crude Mortality Rate (CMR) 18
3.5 Cause-Specific Mortality Rate 19
3.6 Measuring Acute Malnutrition 20
3.7 Importance for Food Security 22
Chapter 4. The North Korean Famine (1990-1998). 24
4.1 Historical Background 24
4.2 Mismanagement of the Economic and Agriculture Sector 25
4.3 Climate Disturbance . 31
4.4 Government Neglect. 32
4.4.1 Failure in Distribution 32
4.4.2 Issues Regarding International Aid Relief.. 35
Chapter 5. Food Security in North Korea 38
5.1 Public Distribution System (PDS). 39
5.2 International Aid 42
5.3 Black Markets 46
5.4 Ideology & Enacted Policies 47
5.4.1 Juch Ideology (์ฃผ์ฒด์ฌ์) 48
5.4.2 Military First 49
5.4.3 Two Meals A Day. 50
Chapter 6. Consequences Towards Constituents. 52
6.1 Death Toll & Malnutrition 52
6.2 Impact on Agriculture 58
6.3 Rise of Kotjebe (๊ฝ์ ๋น) 59
6.4 Continuous Struggle with Famine 60
Chapter 7. The Dawn of a New Era 62
7.1. The Rise of Kim Jong Un 62
7.1.1 Leadership and Personality Traits 64
7.2. Vision Changes for North Korea 65
7.2.1 North Korean Economy 66
7.2.2 Nuclear Program 67
7.2.3 International Political Engagement 70
Chapter 8. Agriculture Reform Policies. 75
8.1 The History of Agriculture Reforms Policies in North Korea 75
8.2 Agriculture Reform Policy under Kim Jong Un. 83
8.2.1 Field Responsibility System (FRS) 84
Chapter 9. Observations & Analysis 86
9.1 Agriculture Developments. 86
9.1.1 Military-run Farms. 87
9.1.2 Greenhouse Farms 90
9.1.3 Fertilizer Plant 92
9.1.4 Expansion of Agriculture Science Research Institutes 94
9.1.5 Reform Policy Success 95
9.2 Agriculture Setbacks 96
9.2.1 Continuation of Climate Disturbance & Lack of Resources 96
9.2.2 Unrealistic Expectations 98
9.2.3 Lack of Guidance. 99
9.2.4 Complications due to COVID-19 Pandemic 100
Chapter 10. Conclusion 103
Bibliography ix
Appendix. xvi
A. Interview with Professor Clark Sorenson
Acknowledgments xxMaste
Subsampling inference in cube root asymptotics with an application to Manski's maximum score estimator
Kim and Pollard (Annals of Statistics, 18 (1990) 191?219) showed that a general class of M-estimators converge at rate n1/3 rather than at the standard rate n1/2. Many times, this situation arises when the objective function is non-smooth. The limiting distribution is the (almost surely unique) random vector that maximizes a certain Gaussian process and is difficult to analyze analytically. In this paper, we propose the use of the subsampling method for inferential purposes. The general method is then applied to Manski?s maximum score estimator and its small sample performance is highlighted via a simulation study.Publicad
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