PREFACE

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近代学校体育における兵式体操 : 明治期と旧韓末を中心に

日本では明治期(1868～1915),韓国では旧韓末期(1876～1910)に,近代的学校体育が始まったが,特に軍事主義的な体操が勃興したのは,当時の民族主義的な時代状況によるのであった.かつて,明治維新を通して近代化を成した日本は,学校体育に兵式体操を導入し,更に振興させるようになった.初期には,軍事的なことと関係がなかったが,富国強兵の国家主義的な思想とともに,体育の軍国主義化への道を歩くようになり,兵式体操は軍事主義的な性格に変わるようになる.相対的に,近代化の遅れた韓国は,日本を通して兵式体操を導入し,発展させた.当時の国家的な状況によって,強靭な体力の大切さを認識し,特に,私学を中心に兵式体操をより強化しようとしたが,日本の保護下に入るようになった状況では,不如意になり,活発した兵式体操も,続けることができなかった.つまり,純粋な学校体育が政治的な目的に利用される結果になったのである.The modern school physical education system began during the Meiji period in Japan (1868～1915) and the end of the Choseon Dynasty Period in Korea (1876～1910). The use of military style gymnastics increased greatly due to the strong nationalistic feelings at the time. Japan, modernized by the Meiji Restoration, introduced military style gymnastics to the school physical education system and promoted it heavily. Although it originally had nothing to do with military affairs the school physical education system over time adopted military characteristics. Japan continued the militarization of the physical education system and promotion of nationalism as it became a wealthy nation and grew a powerful army. The Choseon Dynasty modernized comparatively late and introduced military style gymnastics from Japan and also promoted it heavily. The Dynasty recognized the importance of physical strength during a national crisis and tried to intensify the use of military style gymnastics in private schools. As a dependency of Japan, however, the Dynasty was not only prevented from intensifying its use but was eventually forced to cease the military style gymnastics that had been active. The end result is that the school physical education system was used for political purposes

Gut microbiota, its role in induction of Alzheimer’s disease pathology, and possible therapeutic interventions: Special focus on anthocyanins

The human gut is a safe environment for several microbes that are symbiotic and important for the wellbeing of human health. However, studies on gut microbiota in different animals have suggested that changes in the composition and structure of these microbes may promote gut inflammation by releasing inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides, gut-wall leakage, and may affect systemic inflammatory and immune mechanisms that are important for the normal functioning of the body. There are many factors that aid in the gut’s dysbiosis and neuroinflammation, including high stress levels, lack of sleep, fatty and processed foods, and the prolonged use of antibiotics. These neurotoxic mechanisms of dysbiosis may increase susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative conditions. Therefore, studies have recently been conducted to tackle AD-like conditions by specifically targeting gut microbes that need further elucidation. It was suggested that gut dyshomeostasis may be regulated by using available options, including the use of flavonoids such as anthocyanins, and restriction of the use of high-fatty-acid-containing food. In this review, we summarize the gut microbiota, factors promoting it, and possible therapeutic interventions especially focused on the therapeutic potential of natural dietary polyflavonoid anthocyanins. Our study strongly suggests that gut dysbiosis and systemic inflammation are critically involved in the development of neurodegenerative disorders, and the natural intake of these flavonoids may provide new therapeutic opportunities for preclinical or clinical studies

New microbial ecosystem created by artificak floating island

To scrutinize the microbial ecosystem and processing of water quality improvement under the artificial floating island, water quality parameteres, bacterial numbers and extracellular enzyme activities were measured biweekly flom 3, November 2001 to 20,April 2002 in Lake Paldang, Korea. Most of the mean encironmental parameters were not different from artificially floating island (AFI) site and control site. But,zooplankton numbers were about 100 times higher at AFI site than those of control site, even though the chlorophyll α concentrations were not so different. During winter, the rations of respiratory active bacteria to total bacterial number were two fold higher and enzyme activities of β-glucosidase and phosphatase were extremely higher at AFI site than those of contrl site. With these high densities of zooplankton, active bacteria and high rates of degradation under the AFI, the organic materials are eliminated at inside of lake with newly created ecosystem.Article信州大学山地水環境教育研究センター研究報告 2: 5-9(2004)departmental bulletin pape

Enhancement of phase separation in the InGaN layer for self-assembled In-rich quantum dots

The enhancement of phase separation in the InGaN layer grown on a GaN layer with a rough surface was investigated for the formation of self-assembled In-rich quantum dots(QDs) in the InGaN layer. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that In-rich QDs with a size of 2–5 nm were formed even in an InGaN layer with a low indium content, and a layer thickness less than the critical thickness. The room-temperature photoluminescence(PL) spectrum of this layer showed emission peaks corresponding to In-rich QDs. The temperature-dependent PL spectra showed dominant peak shifts to the lower energy side, indicating that the self-assembled In-rich QDs are formed in the InGaN layer grown on a rough GaNsurface and that the carriers are localized in In-rich QDs

Oxidosqualene cyclases involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids in Quercus suber cork

Cork is a water-impermeable, suberin-based material harboring lignin, (hemi)cellulose, and extractable small molecules (primarily triterpenoids). Extractables strongly influence the properties of suberin-based materials. Though these previous findings suggest a key role for triterpenoids in cork material quality, directly testing this idea is hindered in part because it is not known which genes control cork triterpenoid biosynthesis. Here, we used gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to determine that the majority (\u3e85%) of non-polar extractables from cork were pentacyclic triterpenoids, primarily betulinic acid, friedelin, and hydroxy-friedelin. In other plants, triterpenoids are generated by oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). Accordingly, we mined Quercus suber EST libraries for OSC fragments to use in a RACE PCR-based approach and cloned three full-length OSC transcripts from cork (QsOSC1-3). Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that QsOSC1-3 respectively encoded enzymes with lupeol synthase, mixed α- and β-amyrin synthase, and mixed β-amyrin and friedelin synthase activities. These activities together account for the backbone structures of the major cork triterpenoids. Finally, we analyzed the sequences of QsOSC1-3 and other plant OSCs to identify residues associated with specific OSC activities, then combined this with analyses of Q. suber transcriptomic and genomic data to evaluate potential redundancies in cork triterpenoid biosynthesis

Analytical model of IEEE 802.15.4 non-beacon mode with download traffic by the piggyback method

Abstract. We analyze the MAC performance of the IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN non-beacon mode with the piggyback method in non-saturated condition. Our approach is to model a stochastic behavior of one device as a discrete time Markov chain. We propose an analytical model describing the download behavior of a device using piggyback method. We obtain the performance measures such as throughput, packet delay, energy consumption and packet loss probability of a device. Numerical results and simulation results show that the piggyback method which removes a backoff procedure in the backoff method can reduce the delay, loss probability and energy consumption compared with backoff method. Our results can be used to find the optimal number of devices with some constraints on packet delay and packet loss probability